Russian Local Politics in the Putin–Medvedev Era

Political reforms and changes on the local level by the Putin–Medvedev leadership have resulted in an almost unprecedented turnover of leadership but they have aroused political conflict and even resistance by unsettling the political status quo throughout the 83 subnational units of the Russian Federation. The reforms have resulted in the marginalisation of the authority of city mayors, the recruitment from outside of chief executives of federation regions, and the polarisation of ethnic enclaves by national policies. Destabilising everything is the combination of a United Russia (Edinaya Rossiya) political party bent on national dominance, ambiguous liberal appeals and democratic reforms by President Medvedev, and a global economic recession.     

The watch committee and the national indications center: The evolution of U.S. strategic warning 1950–1975

A new pearl harbor villain: Churchill

Introductory Commentary

James Rusbridger and Eric Nave: Betrayal at Pearl Harbor: How Churchill Lured Roosevelt into World War II. Summit Books, New York, 1991, 303 p., $19.95.

A cryptologic analysis

Behind the drums and bugles

Trevor N. Dupuy (USA ret.): International Military and Defense Encyclopedia Brassy's/Macmillan, Washington, DC, 1993. 6 volumes, ca 3,200 p., $995.00 and $1,250.00 (after 1 January 1994).

Breaking the German codes

David Kahn: Seizing the Enigma: The Race To Break the German U‐Boat Codes, 1939–1943 Houghton &; Mifflin, New York, 1991, 336 p., $24.95.

Whales in the air

Curtis Peebles: The Moby Dick Project: Reconnaissance Balloons Over Russia Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1991, 250 p., $45.70.

Getting the message through

C and A Entwistle: Undercover Addresses of World War II Bloomfield, Perth, Scotland, 88 pps., £6. (Available in the United States from L. D. Mayo, Jr., Box 20837, Indianapolis, Ind., $8.00.).

Intelligence: the first line of defense

Samuel M. Katz: Soldier Spies: Israeli Military Intelligence Presidio Press, Novato, Calif., 1992, 389 p., $21.95.     

The Baltic Republics and the Crisis of 2008–2011

This essay explores how the Baltic republics responded to the crisis of 2008–2011. We argue that while there are significant differences in how the Baltic economies responded to the crisis, these responses not only remain within the neo-liberal policy paradigm characteristic of the region from the early 1990s, but that the crisis radicalised Baltic economies and particularly their fiscal stance. We show that there are a number of unique features in all three Baltic republics' political economies that made such a radicalisation possible. However, these unique features make it almost impossible for the Baltic experience to be replicable anywhere else in Europe.     

Railway Development and the Economic and Political Integration of the Balkans,c. 1850–2000

This article uses the evolution of the railways to examine the relationship between the level of economic integration and external political influences in the Balkans over a period of 150 years. The analysis focuses on two key themes: the long-term spatial evolution of the railway network and external influences on this infrastructure. To undertake this territorial analysis, we first established a Historical Geographical Information System (HGIS) that allowed us to interpret data on the evolution of the railway network and then related this to other data on themes such as changing international borders and the nationality of investment.