American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict

The Arab-Israeli conflict is a part of the regional puzzle, the author contends, but not the key to the regional puzzle in the Middle East. He further cautions that U.S. interests in the Middle East will not be well served by a U.S. President who is essentially the President of the Arab-Israeli conflict.     

论冷战后美国的强制外交

强制外交与威慑一样,主要依靠武力的潜在运用或者说主要通过威胁使用武力,以达成国家的对外政策目标.强制外交是冷战结束后一个引人注目的国际政治现象,该术语也是当前西方国际关系和战略文献中出现频率很高的重要术语之一.本文在剖析西方强制外交理论的基础上,重点研究冷战后美国所实施的两个典型的强制外交案例,着力阐释当代美国强制外交成功或失败的原因，并扼要进行一些评析.     

2001年拉美的对外关系

20 0 1年 ,拉美外交继续保持活跃。布什政府与拉美国家在建立美洲自由贸易区、扫毒和能源等方面的合作进一步加强 ,古美关系在“九一一”事件后有所改善 ,但美国与拉美的矛盾依然存在。在多元化外交方面 ,拉美与欧盟、俄罗斯、亚太及加拿大的关系有不同程度的发展。拉美小地区一体化及双边经济合作继续发展 ,但南方共同市场出现前所未有的危机 ,一些国家的边界争端和武器购置计划也对地区关系构成了挑战。中拉关系继续发展 ,高层领导人互访频繁 ,贸易额大幅增加。     

Religious influence on Current American Politics and Diplomacy

In recent three decades, due to the revival of the evangelicalChristianity and ＂political awakening＂ of the religious right-wing in the United States, religion has played an increasingly important role in U.S. domestic and foreign policy. Regarding U.S. foreign policy, a landmark event of religious influence on American politics was the adoption of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 （IRFA 1998）. And in respect of domestic policy, religious influence was demonstrated in the American presidential election in 2004. The IRFA 1998 was one of the most comprehensive human rights acts in American history. The adoption and implementation of the Act fully reflected the religious influence on U.S. foreign policy since the end of the Cold War. The American presidential election in 2004 provided a stage for the political mobilization of the evangelicals and religious right-wing. ＂Values voters＂ and ＂four million white evangelical voters to return to the polling station＂ were considered a key factor contributing to the victory of the Republican Party.     

宗教在当前美国政治与外交中的影响

20世纪90年代尤其是"9·11"事件以来, 宗教在美国对外关系上已呈现立法化、机构化、国际化、草根化、联合化、媒体化、安全化等趋势,在海外倡导所谓宗教自由、或推行所谓以信仰为基础的外交,已成为自越南战争后民主、共和两党在对外政策上的"两党一致"破局以来新的外交政策"意见一致".     

2006年拉美国家对外关系

2006年拉美政治稳定之中有变化:地区政治局势相对平稳,政治进程基本按预期发展;与此同时,政治发展出现一些新的显著变化,政治力量的接近与分野日益复杂,左翼力量之间差异日益明显,政治改革的任务依然紧迫。2006年拉美经济继续在上升的通道中运行,出现了一些积极的变化:稳定且持续好转的宏观经济为经济增长提供了宽松的环境和相对坚实的基础;国际收支进一步改善,对外贸易和经常项目继续保持顺差;通货膨胀率创下了近10多年来的最低纪录;在保持经济政策相对稳定的基础上,拉美各国结合本国实际和经济发展的需要进行了相应调整,某些领域中的改革进一步深化。与此同时,2006年拉美经济中存在的一些问题值得关注。2006年拉美国家的对外关系呈分化走势:美拉之间的矛盾和冲突进一步扩大,但未动摇美国在拉美的地位;由于美国在拉美的影响力日益下降,美国开始调整对拉美的政策;在地区关系中,拉美国家继续推动地区一体化进程,但合作缺乏实质性进展,内部摩擦和矛盾不断扩大;拉美国家与欧洲、亚太和非洲的多元化外交积极且富有成效。2006年拉美社会形势的基本特点是:主要社会指标逐步改进的趋势更为明显;社会形势相对稳定,但社会冲突时有发生,局部地区仍有动荡;当前拉美社会发展正处于一个关键时期,社会稳定仍然面临着严峻的挑战。本期邀请中国社会科学院拉美所政治室主任袁东振、经济室主任吴国平、国际关系室主任贺双荣、社会文化室主任刘纪新盘点2006年拉美地区形势,分析今后一个时期的走向。     

殊途同归——论美国外交中的理想主义与现实主义

外交理念是外交政策制定的理论依据和指导思想.理想主义和现实主义从美国立国之日起,始终贯穿于美国的外交政策与外交实践,构成了美国外交的特点.理想主义和现实主义对外交事务的看法虽然对立和分歧,但都是服务于美国国家利益的工具和手段,彼此相辅相成、互为补充.     

2002年拉美的政治形势和对外关系

20 0 2年拉美政局比上年更为动荡 ,一些国家的左翼力量重新崛起。这一年 ,拉美对外关系十分活跃。2 0 0 2年拉美政治形势的主要特点一　拉美地区政治形势总体基本稳定 ,但南美洲一些国家政局更加动荡。2 0 0 2年 ,墨西哥、中美洲和加勒比地区形势相对稳定 ,但南美洲不少国家的政局比过去更加动荡。南美洲动荡的形势已从安第斯国家扩展到阿根廷、乌拉圭、巴拉圭等南锥体国家。阿根廷于 2 0 0 1年 1 2月 1 9日爆发经济、政治和社会危机 ,在半个月内 ,先后出现 5位总统。2 0 0 2年元旦阿根廷议会推选杜阿尔德为代总统。杜阿尔德执政以来 ,为克…     

美国外交关系委员会对美国外交的影响

美国外交关系委员会作为美国历史最悠久、最重要的外交思想库,其政策设想一贯秉持服务于美国政府、美国国家利益的目的,并与政府建立了长期合作关系。本文拟简要梳理美国外交关系委员会的历史流变,考察外交关系委员会影响美国外交的方式,探讨外交关系委员会对美国外交的影响。     

Two Complementary Settings of Peace-making Diplomacy: Political-Elite Diplomacy and Public Diplomacy

In terms of the question, “how to create an effective peace-making process in the Israeli–Palestinian case,” this article argues that the answer is a multidimensional approach to peace-making diplomacy that contains two main settings: political-elite diplomacy and public diplomacy. Political-elite diplomacy suggests various modes of peace-making interactions between political-elites. Public diplomacy provides instruments to involve the people in the peace-making struggle, prepares them for a change, and presses the leadership to reach agreements. The analysis suggests establishing an institution for the operation of public diplomacy—a major Israeli-Palestinian public negotiating congress. The congress is a democratic peace-making institution that invites representatives of the opposing societies to discuss, debate, and negotiate solutions to their struggle. The article also presents the concepts of political-elite diplomacy and public diplomacy as competitive settings that should be regarded as complementary. It includes lessons from the “Minds of Peace Experiment”—a small-scale Israeli–Palestinian public negotiating congress—which has been conducted in different places around the world.     

美国文化价值观对美国外交的影响

自美国踏上国际舞台之日起,其外交就带有一个明显的特点,即价值观化。以天赋使命观、种族优越论、扩张意识、实用主义等为基本特征的美国文化隐形影响、指导、规范着美国对外政策的制定与实施,并在对外政策中得到充分的体现。同时,美国外交赤裸裸地强行输出美式民主、自由等价值观,这种观念和行为深刻影响着国际社会。     

文化外交在当代中俄关系中的作用

冷战结束后,和平与发展成为时代主题,文化因素对国际关系的影响日益凸显,并由此产生了一种新型外交方式——文化外交。中俄两国比邻而居,有着近四百年的交往史,文化交流更是在其中起到重要作用。随着文化外交日益受到各国政府的重视,中俄文化交流不断擦出新火花。实践证明,文化外交在巩固中俄两国高层政治关系、推动经贸合作和扩大民间交往方面有不可替代的作用。     

新布什主义与美国外交

“新布什主义”概括起来就是布什政府在第二任期内将通过进攻性外交、军事、经济等手段向全球推广“民主”“、自由”来“保卫”和扩大美国全球霸权的一种战略。它在本质上和第一任期的“布什主义”是一致的,其目的在于更好地获得美国内的认同和争取国际支持。由于“布什主义”造成的高成本和对国际格局冲击太大“,新布什主义”的推行也同样会遇到多方面的制约。     

Sport and Diplomacy: A Global Diplomacy Framework

ABSTRACT

The actors, or “players,” involved in the transactions of diplomacy occasioned by sport are manifold. In the case of the world’s “global game”—association football—they include but are not limited to individual footballers, football clubs, national leagues, national associations, football’s international governance structures, multi-national sponsors, and numerous hangers on. Importantly for this analysis, such a panoply of actors creates an architecture, replicated across other sports, which speak to the necessity of furthering the understanding of the relationship between sport and diplomacy. These two phenomena share a long-standing similarity in global affairs; both having been over-looked as means of comprehending relations between different polities otherwise centred on the nation-state. This exegesis advances our understanding in two areas. First, it addresses the parameters of the discussion of “sport and diplomacy” and problematises the discourse between the two with a note on language; and second, it utilises a framework provided by an appreciation of “global diplomacy” to explore concepts of communication, representation, and negotiation in sport and diplomacy.     

Diplomacy and intelligence

'Intelligence' as a discrete institution is part of twentieth-century government. It combines the skills of covert collection with expertise on certain subjects. Its differentiation from legitimate diplomacy is on the whole clear: intelligence provides information by special methods, diplomacy uses it. Nevertheless, there are numerous operational overlaps. Intelligence's overseas liaisons interact with diplomacy and foreign policy. Embassies act as intelligence bases and are targets for local intelligence attacks. The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office plays a leading part in intelligence assessment. Some distancing between diplomacy and covert intelligence is desirable, but Western intelligence is less of a rival to diplomacy than has sometimes been portrayed. In Britain, in particular, intelligence's knowledge has not meant power.