水资源管制立法内涵解读

Water resources have the functions as domestic water, resource water and environmental water, on the basis of which the legislative framework of water resource regulations shall be studied. Firstly, domestic water shall be deemed as property right and the legislation shall protect the realization of the fundamental human rights for use of domestic water. Secondly, with respect to resource water, an independent water resource regulatory agency shall be established; and meanwhile, the legislation shall promote the construction of water right market based on property rights and improve the utility of water resources. Thirdly, since environmental water is one of the public goods, the legislation shall create a path of privatization in implementing mechanism for realizing the use of environmental water and the franchising system provides a practical solution to privatization of environmental water. Xu Jinhai, Ph.D in Law, is a vice director of the Public Utilities Law Institute of Hohai University. Since 2001, he has released nearly twenty articles in Nanjing University Law Review and Jiangsu Social Science Journal and other academic journals.     

美国水资源保护法的新发展及其启示

美国水资源保护法在20世纪90年代以来呈现出一系列新发展，传统的河岸权开始转向行政许可：积极稳健地推行水市场改革；采取一系列财政经济手段消除或减少非点源污染；努力提高公众参与和公众意识。这对于完善我国水资源保护的立法和执法提供了有益的经验和启示。     

循环经济背景下水资源立法的健全与完善

我国水资源及其开发利用现状不容乐观。从循环经济的角度审视现行水资源法律制度,不难发现我国水资源立法存在的几个主要问题。我们应根据循环经济对水资源立法的基本要求建立和完善与循环经济相关的法律制度、加强水资源保护的内容、重视水资源市场机制的作用;还应改进现行水资源立法在立法思路、立法机制、管理体制和法律制度等方面存在的不适应发展循环经济之处;应当调整立法思路、改进立法机制、健全水资源法律体系、完善水资源法律制度设计、充分发挥市场机制的作用,使我国水资源立法更好地适应和推动循环经济的发展。     

论我国内陆河流域水资源配置制度的构建

水资源配置的目的是为了协调水资源各项服务功能之间的关系。内陆河流域水资源配置有其自身的复杂性和特殊性。长期以来,各内陆河流域在经济利益的驱使下对水资源所实施的粗放式和掠夺式的开发利用,造成了水资源配置严重失衡、生态急剧恶化等严重后果。因此必须构建合理的内陆河流域水资源配置制度,明确内陆河流域水资源配置的原则、主体及其权利义务,并建立配套机制,从而更有效地改变内陆河流域水资源配置的不合理现状,建立起有条不紊的水资源利用秩序。     

论现行法律关于水资源环境信息管理体系的规定

关于环境信息的收集、处理、交流和使用的法律规定是环境法的重要组成部分。由于水资源与经济发展和人民生活息息相关,加强和完善有关水资源的信息管理体系的任务显得尤为迫切。本文查证我国有关水资源的法律中关于环境信息的收集、处理、交流和应用的法律规定并分析其实施情况。在这种查证和分析的基础上,本文对如何完善我国水资源环境信息管理体系提出了若干建议。     

Produced Water—Emerging Challenges,Risks, and Opportunities

Produced water should be viewed as an environmental asset—part of the water resource solution—not as a waste that contributes to environmental problems; its treatment and reuse can reduce the stress on fresh water resources. Treatment cost is the most significant factor determining the volume of produced water that will be available for reuse. Water pricing, which is in large part a matter of public policy, must also be considered when reexamining how to maximize the use of this valuable resource. When deciding whether to treat and use produced water companies will need to weigh the risk of litigation and regulatory enforcement actions against the benefits of introducing treated water into the stream of commerce. Allaying the public's fear of chemicals in the water supply is also a significant factor in determining whether produced water is viewed as part of a water resource solution or as a waste by-product.     

试论环境资源有偿使用原则

环境资源有偿使用原则体现了环境资源的经济价值与生态价值属性,并与“污染者付费”原则相契合。我国逐步发展了环境资源有偿使用的方式,并体现在相关的法律法规之中。但是我国的环境资源法中缺乏对该原则较为具体的制度设计,需要进一步通过立法予以完善。     

论中国增值税的绿色化

我国现行增值税立法在一定程度上体现了鼓励资源节约和环境保护,但我国生产型增值税的课征模式和税收优惠规定等不能有效地促进资源节约与环境保护,因此有必要绿化现行增值税税制,改生产型增值税为消费型增值税,取消现有的增值税立法中一些不利于资源节约与环境保护的税收优惠和补贴措施,扩大增值税中环境税收优惠的范围,并加大环境税收优惠措施的力度,以充分发挥税收在资源节约与环境保护中的作用。     

水面使用权的法律规制

水资源对人类的存在、发展有着积极的、不可或缺的作用,我国水资源分布南方多、北方少,在开发利用中,需水最急剧增加,供需矛盾日渐突出;水的利用率偏低,又因水源污染严重,加剧了缺水危机等,面对水资源有限和浪费的现状,设计合理的水市场成为重新配置水资源有效机制的必需,解决的途径是完善现行立法,合理规制水面使用权的取得、转让、终止及水面使用权人的权利与义务等内容,建立水权制度,进而揭示水面使用权保护机制对于我国民事立法所具有的创新意义.     

论水资源法律体系及完善

水资源既有私人物品的属性,又有公共物品的属性,二者相互混合,不能分开。水资源的这两种属性决定了对其的法律调整既有公法,又有私法,既有宏观的法律制度,又有具体的管制制度。构成我国水资源法律体系主要有水资源宪法法律制度,水资源环境法律制度,水资源民事法律制度和水资源行政法律制度。我国水资源法律体系的完善,除了理论上的创新外,仍需对有关的法律进行完善。     

水环境与水资源流域综合管理体制研究

水资源具有生态价值和经济价值双重属性.又具有系统性和整体性的特点,这决定了水资源开发、利用和保护必须以流域为基础,走水环境管理与水资源管理相结合的道路.为实现水资源可持续利用,缓解水资源短缺的压力.必须对我国现行的水环境管理与水资源管理并行的双重管理体制进行改革,建立水环境与水资源流域综合管理体制.     

论作为财产权的水权

将水权客体——水资源的功能概括为生活功能、资源功能和环境功能,认为水权的财产权性质在水资源的不同功能区间中得到体现,其中水资源的生活功能对应的是作为宪法财产权的水权,水资源的资源功能对应的是作为民法财产权的水权,水资源的环境功能对应的是作为宪法财产权或共用财产权的水权。在此基础上,提出作为财产权的水权的实现机制及对我国水资源保护和利用的启示。     

Resources, Rights, and Environmental Regulation

Prior to the Human Rights Act 1998, there were significant expectations that it would promote the development of environmental rights and extend remedies for environmental harm. This has not been the case, but then the expectations were probably always false. The paper points to three reasons why: the retention of a strong model of parliamentary sovereignty; the need to mould human rights principles alongside the common law; the traditional reluctance of the courts to determine questions of utility where questions of resource allocation arise. The paper concludes by reflecting on whether one would hope, in any case, to advance the cause of the environment through the mechanism of the Convention and suggests that there may be reasons to doubt the wisdom of this approach.     

Market definition as value reconciliation: the case of renewable energy promotion under the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures

The interrelationship between renewable energy support policies and World Trade Organization (WTO) law is an important recent manifestation of the challenge to reconcile environmental and economic values in contemporary societies. This article strives to contribute to the discussion by using the intersection between policies to support renewable energy, in particular sustainable biofuels in the EU, and the WTO’s Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures as a case study. The article discusses how efforts to promote renewable energy seem to have become contingent upon the core legal notion of ‘relevant markets’. The article further claims that this contingency is problematic: renewable energy markets are highly complex in practice, and combined with the WTO’s convoluted interpretations of ‘relevant markets’, the legal outcomes struggle to find the proper balance between appropriate support for sustainability and the prevention of protectionist market fragmentation.     

环渤海地区水权法律问题初探

环渤海地区水资源分布不均衡，水权法律制度的缺失成为桎梏环渤海区域经济发展不平衡的因素之一。水权是一个综合性概念，水权法律制度的建构是一个综合性立法过程。因此，通过原有的取水许可制度向水权初始分配制的转换，实现水资源国家所有权分离,从“转化式”向“授予式”过渡是水权法律制度建构的重要途径。同时，《反垄断法》与《环境保护法》相关制度的配套建设，也是环渤海地区水权法律制度综合建构的一部分。     

论股东提案制度对公司社会责任实践的促进

股东提案在西方公司制度发达的国家日益演化为反映相关利益者利益诉求、推动公司社会责任实践的有效渠道,但该方式发挥此种作用需要两个前提要件:负责任的投资人和合理的股东提案制度。在我国,市场信息不对称、公益性机构投资者匮乏、股东提案制度发展滞后这些因素严重制约了股东提案制度的公司社会责任实践。结合我国资本市场和公司发展现状,完善公司社会责任报告制度、培育负责任的投资人和优化股东提案制度,是促进我国公司伦理性决策机制形成的基本思路。     

中国水资源安全法律保障初步研究

本文研究了中国水资源安全法律保障及存在的问题,提出了完善中国水资源安全法律保障的对策。     

我国水质监测制度的缺陷及其完善——以相关法律为背景

环境监测是环境保护工作中的重要制度,而水质监测则是环境监测的重要组成部分。本文以我国现行相关法律为背景,对我国水质监测的技术依据—水质标准—的制定权进行了考察,认为应由水利部门和环保部门共同制定,而监测权则应由环保部门专门行使,这是决策民主化和执行单一化的具体要求和体现。文章还指出了水质监测中法律责任机制的缺失,并提出了予以完善的建议。     

The use of “security” jargon in sustainable development discourse: evidence from UN Commission on Sustainable Development

The premise of discourse theory in environmental policy is that realities are shaped by language. One discourse that is gaining popularity is the concept of environmental security, a discourse that presupposes environmental threats as urgent. The attempt to cast environmental issues as security issues has resulted in the common use of security jargon, idioms, and metaphors in policymakers’ and politicians’ statements. Various analyses attempt to identify why natural resources are discussed in terms and language of security. However, far fewer studies have attempted to identify differences in the manner in which different types of resources are incorporated into such a discourse by different actors and what variables contribute to this process. This study examines the construction of the security references, security arguments, and language in the statements of the Commission on Sustainable Development dealing with energy and water. We found that international organizations and Non-governmental Organizations were somewhat more likely than state actors to use security references to discuss sustainability issues. The issues securitized are not the traditional high political ones such as regime stability and conflicts, but rather issues more associated with human security, such as access to renewable energy, affordable food, and clean water. The fact that in many statements examined the use of security references was not associated with any existential threat and hence did not comply with the conditions of the Copenhagen School raises some doubts as to whether security language in these statements implies a true securitization move. We also examined whether the use of the term “security” by states was correlated with greater resource scarcity or vulnerability. In the case of water-related sessions, the evidence was mixed, depending on the choice of dependent variable. The results from energy security regressions, however, were inconsistent with the hypothesis that greater scarcity or vulnerability induces more use of security language.     

流域生态补偿机制相关法律问题探讨——以珠江流域为例

生态补偿机制的设立是未来治理流域生态环境的方向。以珠江流域为例,通过剖析我国流域生态机制存在的主要问题,借鉴相关国家和地区、部分省市生态补偿机制的经验和做法,提出完善珠江流域生态补偿机制,应确定生态补偿机制遵循的基本原则,明确生态补偿的依据和标准,完善成熟的环境资源市场,建立协调、配套的环境法律体系和监督管理体系,开展区域和国际间的合作。