Personnel Discipline and Industrial Relations on the Railways of Republican China

The Chinese National Railways of Republican China (1912-37) had a personnel administration the equal of any of the major railway systems of the period. Railways require a sophisticated personnel bureaucracy to train, monitor and enforce codes of conduct which would ensure the safety of passengers, freight and the huge investment in rolling stock and fixed capital. Only the military had previously administrative structures approaching the modern railway companies, the first modern business to organise on such a scale large numbers of employees over vast geographic areas. In China the railway introduced not only a new transport technology but also played a major role in creating the new industrial working class through the regimes of work and discipline their administration created. Drawing on neglected railway personnel archives, this paper examines the work organisation and structures of discipline that governed the working day of Chinese railway employees.     

俄罗斯的对外政策与中国

俄罗斯对外政策的制定与中俄关系的发展是中俄两国政界、学界都非常关注的问题。目前,普京政府奉行一种积极、独立、全方位、实用的对外政策。作为一种新型的,摆脱了意识形态束缚的战略协作关系,《中俄睦邻友好合作条约》将两国世代友好,永不为敌的思想,以法律形式固定下来。目前的中俄关系处于300年来最好的历史时期。     

Same but Different: Muslims and Foreigners in Public Media Discourse

This contribution analyzes the public discourse on foreigners and Muslims in Switzerland between 2000 and 2009. In Switzerland, as elsewhere in Europe, the Muslim minority has emerged as the main concern for integration in public discourse. What makes Muslims special in the debate on immigration and integration? How does the public discourse on Muslims differ from the portrayal of foreigners in general? A quantitative content analysis of four Swiss newspapers was conducted covering three direct democratic campaigns. While the demographic composition of the Muslim minority has not changed substantially, the way Muslims are perceived in public discourse did. Certain ethnic groups, which are still categorized as foreigners in 2000, are mainly assigned to the Muslim minority in 2009. The latter is seen as a relatively homogeneous group raising other issues than foreigners. These results should lead to question the current academic and political debate on integration in Switzerland.     

The Veterans' Movements and the Early Republican State in Cuba

This article analyses the Cuban Association of Veterans and Patriots of 1923–1924. This was one among many of such organisations in the early republican period in Cuba. Its formation was motivated by a need to put political pressure on the incumbent administration of the nation for political, social and economic demands. Of particular interest is the insight an analysis of this movement gives us into early state formation in the early republican period, and how ties of loyalty from the wars of independence helped shape the politics and political party formation of post‐independence Cuba.     

菲律宾的外交政策及其与中国和东盟的关系

菲中关系与菲律宾-东盟关系 今天我的讲话涉及两个方面的内容:菲中关系的现状及菲律宾和东盟的关系,目的是向诸位解释菲律宾现时在这些方面所采取的政策,并希望诸位对菲律宾的对外政策和优先处理的事项有更好的了解.     

The Republican Theories of Rousseau and the American Anti-Federalists

For almost four decades preceding the 1787-88 ratification debates — during which American Federalists drew severe criticism from the Anti-Federalists — Enlightenment politics in Europe had been undergoing equally severe criticism from Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Though largely unaware of each other, both of these critics advanced distinctive republican theories based on civic virtue and individual liberty. Rousseau argued for a republic which would require the near-total alienation of retained natural rights, abstention from bourgeois commerce, and complete conformity to the general will. The Anti-Federalists, by contrast, envisioned a republic based on retained natural rights, one that would reconcile the communitarian spirit of antiquity with the commercial values and individual rights of modernity. By comparing and contrasting the most salient features of these contending visions, whose theoretical trajectories are — I argue — crucially opposed, we can glimpse the inherent conflicting requisites of republican government and therewith some of the enduring dilemmas of republican theory.     

参议院外交委员会与肯尼迪时期的美国对华政策

本文以参议院外交委员会为着眼点,讨论该委员会以及参议院在肯尼迪时期对华政策制订过程中扮演的角色。本文认为,尽管肯尼迪上台后有对既定对华政策进行修正的意向,并得到参议院外交委员会大多数人的支持,但就整体而言,参议院对中国仍怀有很深的敌意。如果肯尼迪在那时提出与中国和解,要冒的政治风险太大。作者对“若肯尼迪不遇刺并实现连任,美国对华政策在其任期内可能会发生重大修正”的假说提出了质疑。     

China’s environment: Foreign trade and investment and international organizations

Not only is China’s environment in decline, but China’s contribution to global environmental deterioration is significant. Because of the global implications of China’s environmental pollution, international action is needed. Foreign trade and investment should be encouraged to incorporate environmental concerns and technology transfer, especially in the area of energy efficiency. Continued and enhanced international cooperation as well as loans and investment through international and regional organizations should also contribute to improving China’s and the global environment. Finally, China should assist in this process by continuing domestic economic reform and the open door policy. Environmental and economic benefits will result from efforts in these three areas.     

多样性文化适应:对华裔学生来华留学的调查与分析

随着中国国力的增强,越来越多的华裔子弟来华留学.其文化适应问题也日益引人关注.本文通过问卷调查,分析了华裔学生来华留学面临文化适应问题的一些特点,并提出了几点对策思考.     

试析后苏哈托时代印尼对华政策的变化

1998年"五月骚乱"后,苏哈托政权垮台,印尼进入后苏哈托时代.后苏哈托时代的印尼历届政府调整了对华政策,在政治、经济、安全等领域都表现出友好合作的特征.本文具体研究了印尼历届政府对华政策的变化,并分析其对华政策调整的原因.     

China’s Contemporary Political Leadership,Foreign Policy,and Their Chineseness

There have been several profound features embedded in the contemporary Chinese political leadership, all having their roots in the Chinese centuries-long traditions or the modern/contemporary creative practice, together with their shaping impacts upon China’s foreign policy or remarkable reflections in her external behavior. They are: reforms inherently differentiated; central idea of “maintenance”, notion of “biological circle governing universe”, paradox in the question of equality, the emphasis on morality, overwhelmingly domestic function of foreign policy, firm belief in the Chineseness per sue and its overwhelming importance, and political prudence in the perennial context of “Strong China, Weak China.” China is facing enormous domestic historical challenges and substantial international pressure, while a generally peaceful China can be assured at least from her self-regarding realistic perspective.     

中印外贸体制改革比较研究

本文分析了中印两国的外贸体制改革,通过对贸易总量、贸易结构、贸易方向、贸易对经济增长的影响等四个方面的比较分析,得出结论认为,当前中印两国的对外贸易分别面临着结构调整和总量增长两个不同层面的问题,在近期两国的对外贸易互补多于竞争。     

Conflict-Management in Russia's Federal Institutions

A political scientist examines factors leading to instability in the Russian legislative and executive branches. The article focuses on the design of Russia's “unlinked dual-channel” institutions-particularly, partisan factions and legislative committees in the Duma, and the presidential administration and government apparatus in the executive branch. Media sources and the author's personal interviews with Duma, Kremlin, and ministry officials are analyzed.     

中国国家身份变迁与对外交往:以中国-东盟关系为例

在分析中国和东盟关系的发展过程中,本文引入了身份政治的分析视角,以中国的国家身份变迁为思考的出发点,来具体分析中国与东盟关系的发展.文章指出中国在冷战期间和冷战后的身份变迁及其与东盟关系发生的相应变化,然后分析身份变迁与对外关系演变的内在逻辑机制,认为国家在对外互动中形成了新的观念体系结构,而这种新的体系结构又重新建构了国家的身份.所以,我们在对外交往中要注意分析国家的身份,从而有利于更好地理解国家的行为.文章最后指出了身份政治在进一步学理化过程中应该深入思考的问题.     

新加坡的外交原则及其对华政策(1990-2010)

本文从新加坡的外交文献及外交行为等方面探析新加坡的外交原则,并以过去20年的一些外交事件为案例,分析这些外交原则如何体现其对华政策.本文通过研究认为,新加坡对中国的外交立场主要由其现实主义的视角对世界动态的衡量所决定.新加坡因其有限的地理条件和资源短缺等制约因素,采取务实外交策略.在长期的外交实践中,新加坡制定了以小国生存为主要目标的对外战略,在与中国这个大国的外交关系中,以保持区域稳定与将本国利益最大化为终极目标.     

The Condition of the Ottoman Mine Labour and Its Impact on the Republican Period

In the Ottoman state, mining was important for the conduct of war, mints, public works, crafts industry, and financing the centralized administration system. In the republican period, mines were also important in the state's industrialization project, and they were used to subsidize the developing industries through provision of low-cost raw materials. These policies of the Ottoman and Turkish states had serious consequences for mine labour. Analysis of the Ottoman mining industry in the classical and post-classical periods, and also during the Turkish Republican period, highlights a range of emerging patterns. These include the strict control of the production by the state, the common practice of subcontracting, the role of foreign capital in the history of mining, the village-based division of labour around the mines, the use of peasant cultivator miners, the exploitation of unfree labour, the lack of investment, and traditional labour-intensive working conditions. The concept of ‘development and persistence’ is invaluable in explaining the longevity and extent of these practices stemming from historical circumstances, and we can see the persistence of some of these practices during the Republican period, despite the changes in the political regime and economic development. Throughout, the miners have been in a vulnerable position in relation to the state, exacerbated by their ambiguous peasant-miner position as wage labourers.