Introduction: Neo-liberal Development Policy in Asia beyond the Post-Washington Consensus

Abstract

This paper introduces a special issue on contemporary neo-liberal development policy in Asia. The paper contextualises the current state of neo-liberal development policy as having moved beyond two earlier phases: one that intended to limit the state and unleash market forces and, subsequently, one that was oriented towards remaking the state in an idealised liberal market image. While building off its forebears, contemporary neo-liberal development policy – what we describe as “market building” – displays a new array of foci and modalities that not only continue to target the state as a site of reform (though often in novel ways) but which also regularly work around the state to directly cultivate private sector activity. Moreover, a product of its times, market building incorporates an increased emphasis upon risk and risk management, with risk to programme implementation and capital now central concerns within the neo-liberal agenda. However, just as with earlier phases of neo-liberalism, the market-building agenda is both subjected to and produces particular patterns of politics. As the papers in this special issue show, perhaps nowhere is this reality more interesting than in Asia, where new and emboldened patterns of accumulation are evident and, where too, nation-states are no longer as materially dependent on organisations such as the World Bank as before.     

二战以来东南亚地缘政治格局的变化和发展

东南亚地理位置在军事上历来具有重要的战略意义。二战结束以来 ,东南亚的地缘政治格局随着国际形势的发展而变化。“9·11事件”的发生 ,使东南亚的地缘政治的重要性进一步凸现。本文主要分析二战以来东南亚地缘政治格局的变化以及“9·11事件”给东南亚地区的地缘政治格局带来的影响。     

Taming Risks in Asia: The World Bank Group and New Mining Regimes

Abstract

Despite the admonishments of the 2003 Extractive Industry Review, the World Bank Group (WBG) has continued to promote the expansion of mining activities in resource-rich client-countries. While maintaining its mantra on the economic benefits of the sector in cash-strapped countries, in recent years poverty reduction and environmental sustainability have become the new buzzwords to justify the need for the WBG to remain actively involved in the sector. Building on the cases of the Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Lao PDR, this paper analyses this new socio-environmental narrative in conjunction with the highly political nature of the role played by the WBG in the mining sector of its country-clients. The cases demonstrate that the World Bank has played a key role in influencing a wave of new mining regimes in the region. Further, these new regimes, which comprise multilateral social and environmental safeguards, circumscribe the risks faced by industry, rather than by local populations. While successful in stimulating foreign investments in the sector, these regimes might prove ineffective in taming local and national resentment against mining activities. Crucially, the engineering of mining regimes and norm-settings in multilateral arenas raises concerns about the legitimacy of the transformations of roles and responsibilities assigned to local mining stakeholders and the possible subsequent contraction of local political spaces.     

在国际格局变动中成长起来的东南亚

东南亚这一区域概念是在国际格局的变动中形成的 ,东南亚区域体系的形成也经历了一个漫长的过程。东南亚区域体系不只是被动受制于国际体系 ,它对国际体系也有一定的反弹。     

东南亚农业:可持续发展之路

对东南亚经济发展模式的反思在金融危机之后一度成为热潮 ,东南亚诸国到底是“龙行天下” ,还是“虎落平阳”众说纷纭 ,不一而足。但东南亚国家宏观经济政策对农业发展的损害却已成为一个不争的事实 ,在这一方面国内外的专家学者都有了相当多的论述。在国际农业的研究领域 ,实现可持续发展已是各国的共识 ,但具体国情的差异也使得东南亚国家必须结合本地区的实际来推动本国农业的进一步发展 ,既要克服宏观经济政策对农业所产生的负面影响 ,又要与国际上先进的发展模式接轨 ,走可持续发展的道路 ,这就不得不引起我们的深思与探讨。本文旨在从东南亚的具体国情出发 ,对这一地区的农业发展道路作一些可行性的粗浅分析 ,以期能得到专家学者的批评指正     

当代东南亚伊斯兰教与政治发展

东南亚已成为当代伊斯兰教世界的一个重要地区,伊斯兰教也已成为影响当代东南亚政治发展的重要因素。本文重点探讨了20世纪90年代以来的分离主义问题、宗教极端势力策动的恐怖主义活动、政教关系问题及其对当代东南亚发展的影响,以及当代东南亚在伊斯兰世界的重要地位和可能发挥的新作用。     

窥园细看百卉动——评《当代东南亚伊斯兰:发展与挑战》

东南亚伊斯兰是当代伊斯兰世界的一个特殊组成部分,<当代东南亚伊斯兰:发展与挑战>一书首次对其进行了全面介绍.该书围绕东南亚伊斯兰的本土化与现代化进程,对东南亚伊斯兰的发展历程予以了多学科视角下的评介,也对东南亚极端势力等影响当代东南亚伊斯兰发展的因素进行了审慎客观的论述.该书资料翔实,立论严谨,是一部具有学术价值的开创性著作.     

Asymmetrical Regionalism: China,Southeast Asia and Uneven Development

Does the rise of China present a threat or an opportunity for Southeast Asia? One of the most revealing arenas in which this will be determined will be within the context of regional institution-building. For a region that is perennially associated with under-institutionalisation it is remarkable just how many initiatives have been proposed recently. Such institutions, may be important venues within which ‘asymmetric regionalism’ may be manifest and perhaps managed. The paper provides an assessment of this process through an analysis of China’s relationship with Southeast Asia. The paper initially provides a brief theoretical introduction which explains the relationship between regional development and its possible impact on inter-state relations. Following this I provide an analysis of the political economic and strategic dynamics that are shaping and being shaped by regional initiatives. Finally, I assess how successful ASEAN’s efforts have been to engage China via regional mechanisms has actually been.     

Financial Crises and Automotive Industry Development in Southeast Asia

The automotive industries of Southeast Asia have grown significantly but unevenly. Thailand has outperformed its neighbours in Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines with regard to production and, most notably, export volumes. But the Thai auto industry has not exhibited the level of local (indigenous) technology capacity and input growth seen in South Korea, Taiwan and, increasingly, in China. The 1997–98 and 2008 financial and economic crises generally reinforced pre-existing national automotive strategies, but to different degrees: They strongly accelerated an earlier Thai move to exports whose very success weakened pressures for upgrading; encouraged more moderate automotive liberalisation in Indonesia and, to a lesser extent, in the Philippines; but promoted only minimal changes to Malaysia’s relatively protectionist national car strategy. The fact that the crises served more to reinforce than to reverse existing tendencies reflects a broader set of political economy factors that influence national perceptions of crises severity and alternative responses.     

马六甲海峡与东南亚地区安全

马六甲海峡面临海盗与恐怖分子的威胁,海峡沿岸国--印度尼西亚、马来西亚和新加坡为维护海峡安全,执行了一系列安全措施,但由于力量有限,故要求海峡使用国"负担分摊".而海峡使用国因涉及到主权的敏感问题,只能提供有关培训、设备和信息情报等援助.这些情况说明,保卫马六甲海峡安全的任务应由海峡沿岸国和海峡使用国共同承担,只有通过密切的国际合作,才能确保马六甲海峡与东南亚地区安全,才能有效地打击海盗和恐怖主义活动.     

地区安全机制比较:东南亚和东北亚

冷战结束后 ,东亚地区成为特别引人注目的地区。在东南亚 ,东盟不断发展壮大 ,影响日盛 ,东盟地区论坛以多边安全对话的形式成为地区很有影响的安全对话模式。在东北亚 ,大国特别集中 ,形成一种大国博弈结构 ,以双边安全对话为主 ,难以形成有效的多边安全合作机制。本文结合冷战后东亚中的东南亚和东北亚两个地区的安全形势的新特点 ,分析比较了这两个地区安全机制的不同 ,并对前景加以推测。     

论东南亚古代铜鼓文化及其在东南亚文化发展史上的意义

古代铜鼓是中国西南和东南亚广大地区的一种代表性文物 ,它广泛渗入东南亚史前时期社会生活的各个方面 ,形成了独具特色的铜鼓文化。古代铜鼓文化是东南亚史前时期文化的集大成者 ,在东南亚文化发展史中具有极为重要的意义。它不仅是东南亚本土文化和固有文化的代表 ,而且还是东南亚吸收和融合其他外来文化的基础 ,至今在东南亚某些少数民族地区和偏远地区仍可见其踪迹。     

Japan's Official Development Assistance: The Japan ODA Model That Began Life in Southeast Asia

This paper traces the history of Japan's Official Development Assistance centered in Southeast Asia through the decades from the 1960s to the 2000s. The characteristics of the “Japan ODA model” are examined and three conditions for economic growth generated by ODA are proposed. Whether or not the “Japan ODA model” is applicable in other regions is also discussed.     

东南亚地区形势:2006年

进入2006年以来,来自东南亚的一些坏消息频频传来,菲律宾发生泥石流,死亡上千人。泰国和菲律宾政府再次面对反对派的严峻挑战。尽管有这些坏消息,但对于大多数东南亚国家来说,2006年可能是一个好年头。经过几年的努力,新加坡、马来西亚和泰国已经从金融危机中走出来,重新进入一个新的增长期。在政治方面,大部分东南亚国家已经初步完成了从权威政治体制向民主政治体制的过渡,然而,这种转变带给一些国家的并不是经济发展与人民的福利, 而是更多的混乱。在安全方面,恐怖主义仍然是许多国家面临的严重威胁。在对外关系方面,面对迅速崛起的中国,东盟正在不断调整对华关系,新型的中国—东盟关系正在建立。     

东南亚地区形势:2009年

2009年,影响东南亚地区形势最重要的外部因素,是全球金融海啸引发的发达国家经济衰退,影响的深度与广度,取决于发达国家的经济衰退持续的时间,刚刚从1997年金融危机中走出来的东南亚国家又将经受一次重大的考验.从政治层面看,东南亚在2009年将会是比较平稳的一年,印尼的大选不会出现大的波澜;泰国在经历了几年的动荡之后,人心思定,街头政治不得人心;马来西亚两大政党联盟--国民阵线和人民联盟争权夺利,但是,这种斗争将会限制在制度范围内.在地区国际关系方面,发达国家忙于国内救火,自顾不暇,而东南亚两个最大的邻居--中国和印度则是风景这边独好,东南亚地区发展进程中的中国因素和印度因素将会进一步凸显.     

东南亚地区形势:2012年

2012年东盟经济政治形势总的特点是稳定和发展。尽管面对不利的世界经济形势,东盟的经济前景仍然可以说是比较乐观的。在国际关系方面,美国奥巴马总统的新东南亚政策可谓是一石激起千层浪,东盟是否需要在中美两个大国之间作出选择,东盟将会作出什么样的选择?     

东南亚与中亚:中国在新世纪的地缘战略选择

东南亚地区和中亚地区都是既有重要战略地位 ,又有丰富自然资源的地缘战略枢纽地区。作为中国周边环境的重要组成部分 ,它们既可为中国提供广阔的陆海活动空间 ,也可为中国在新世纪的发展提供重要的能源和市场支持 ,具有重要的战略意义 ,是中国在新世纪周边地缘战略中需要重点经营的两个地区。     

东南亚地区形势:2008年

在刚刚过去的2007年,东南亚各国经济保持较高速度的增长;展望2008年,虽然有一些困难和不稳定因素,但是,总的而言,仍然是一个好年头.美国经济衰退给世界经济带来许多不确定因素,也给东南亚经济蒙上一层阴影.然而,时过境迁,美国经济虽然是影响东南亚经济的一个重要因素,但已经不是唯一的因素,美国一打喷嚏,东南亚就感冒的年代已经一去不复返了.东南亚政治在2008年基本能够保持稳定,马来西亚顺利举行大选;泰国前总理他信回国,新总理沙玛一再强调是他信的代言人,新政府执行了一条没有他信的他信政策.东盟通过了<东盟宪章>,它标志着这个地区性国际组织进入一个新的时代.东盟与各个大国的关系也比较顺利,日本在东南亚又有一些新的动作,福田首相继承其父亲老福田的路线,加强了东南亚外交.     

World Market Regionalism at the Asian Development Bank

Accounts of the “new regionalism” two decades ago identified a growing trend towards co-ordinated state action at the regional level in pursuit of both security and political economy concerns – new in terms of its “bottom-up” character, post-Cold War logic, heterogeneous focus, and relation to globalisation. More recently, proponents of “regulatory regionalism” have suggested that regional projects reshape and transform states themselves. This article identifies an emerging “world market regionalism,” within which regions are addressed in terms of their position within the world market, and regional projects are strategically oriented towards the “completion of the world market” in its dual aspect as expansion of trade and transformation of social relations of production. The focus is on the purposive transformation of the region in pursuit of global competitiveness. A detailed account is given of such a project of world market regionalism developed over the last two decades at the Asian Development Bank. It is aimed at transforming the region, and individual states within it, into a space contributory to a wider global project aimed at “completing the world market” and transforming both the social relations of production and individual attitudes and behaviour.