‘Caminante,no hay camino,se hace camino al andar’1: EU Citizenship,Direct Democracy and Treaty Ratification

Abstract: This article argues that obligatory, simultaneous, and simple Treaty ratification by referenda is the next step in the consolidation of the political core of European citizenship. In the first part, general remarks about the special nature of EU citizenship highlight the relevance of referenda on EU Treaties for EU citizenship. In the second part, the normative and empirical case in favour of direct democracy is put forward. It is followed by the assessment of direct democracy in European integration as we have known it so far. The practice is irreversible and gaining in momentum. But it is in need of substantial reform due to procedural dysfunctions and discriminatory consequences for the citizens. Section V relates this result to a legal analysis of EU citizenship. The suppression of the discriminatory consequences of the Treaty ratification procedure is necessary from a legal point of view, but it cannot be expected from the ‘judicial incrementalism’ that has characterised the development of EU citizenship regarding free movement and residence. In section VI , the conclusions of the previous sections are drawn into the final proposal of obligatory, simultaneous and simple Treaty reform by referenda in all Member States. At the end, five counter‐arguments to the proposal are discussed.     

The Signaling Effect of Pro se Status

When claimants press their claims without counsel, they fail at virtually every stage of civil litigation and overwhelmingly fail to obtain meaningful access to justice. This research program harnesses psychological science to experimentally test a novel hypothesis: mainly, a claimant's pro se status itself sends a signal that biases decision making about the claimant and her claim. We conducted social psychological experiments with the public (N = 157), law students (N = 198), and employment discrimination lawyers (N = 39), holding the quality and merit of a Title VII sex discrimination case constant. In so doing, we examined whether a claimant's pro se status itself shapes stereotypes held about the claimant and biases decision making about settlement awards. These experiments reveal that pro se status influences stereotypes of claimants and settlement awards received. Moreover, the signaling effect of pro se status is exacerbated by socialization in the legal profession. Among law‐trained individuals (i.e., law students and lawyers), a claimant's pro se status generates negative stereotypes about the claimant and these negative stereotypes explain the adverse effect of pro se status on decision making about settlement awards.     

行政犯研究

与自然犯相比,行政犯属于犯罪中的新类型。行政犯不但有其相对独立的发展史,就其本质而言,也有着与自然犯不同的自身属性和犯罪构成。规制行政犯的行政刑法虽然与刑法的其他组成有所不同,但仍有必要承认其具有附属于刑法部门的本质属性。同时,行政犯的责任形式必须重新审视,为了应对行政犯罪,有必要对刑法典和附属刑法进行补充完善。     

Rückforderung einer verbotenen Ablöse – Aufrechnungsverbot

§ 27 Abs 1 Z 1 MRG ist auf die Verknüpfungen eines Mietvertrages mit einem Kaufvertrag über Einrichtungsgegenst?nde anwendbar. Sind nach dem festgestellten Sachverhalt die Voraussetzungen des Aufrechnungsverbotes nach § 1440 Satz 2 ABGB erfüllt, kann diese Bestimmung auch ohne ausdrückliche Berufung der davon begünstigten Partei angewendet werden.     

Assessing legal change: Recidivism and administrative per se laws

Tougher sanctions for drunk driving have often been advocated as a means to reduce this problematic behavior. In a test of administrative per se laws as a specific deterrent, the impact of introducing such laws is evaluated by examining reconviction rates of offenders before and after implementation of the Jaw in three states (North Dakota, Louisiana, and Mississippi), with comparisons made to a fourth state during the same time period that did not implement an administrative per se law (California). Recidivism is analyzed using survival models. The results indicate that administrative per se laws reduce rates of reconviction in some situations but not in others. In particular, if implementation of the law is accompanied by changes in overall rates of license actions, the specific deterrent effects of the law may be outweighed by the increased efficiencies of this judicial process.     

?nderung der Rechtslage nach rechtskr?ftiger Stellplatzabl?se in Form einer Nebenbestimmung

Keine Zusammenfassung     

美议员股市内幕交易秘辛

2011年美国政府的借贷临近上限前，两党议员为提高贷款上限而进行的谈判，争吵不休，歹戏拖棚，股市随之波动不已。在普通股民蒙受损失之际，一些国会领袖和重量级议员，因具有操纵谈判、出尔反尔、预知谈判走向的能量，趁机大发股财。     

Fundamental rights in the EU after Kadi and Al Barakaat

This article takes stock of the emerging scholarship on the European Court of Justice's 2008 Kadi decision and seeks to make sense of the court's apparent evasiveness towards international law. The article argues that Kadi is best understood as an act of civil disobedience prompted by the UN Security Council's misapplication of foundational principles of the international order. In turn, the court's forceful articulation of the stakes in this case signals a prioritisation of basic rights within the supranational constitutional architectonic. In this respect, the ‘domestic’ constitutional implications of Kadi are just as far reaching as its consequences for the EU's status as an actor under international law.     

D7S817,D18S865位点的群体遗传学研究

目的：调查D7S817、D18S865两个STR位点的遗传多态性,获得群体遗传学基本数据。方法：采用PCR和PAG垂直电泳技术、银染显色方法。结果：D7S817位点有成都汉族群体中发现9个等位基因,23种基因型,杂合度为0.738,个人识别几率为0.931。在甘肃东乡群体中发现8个等位基因,20种基因型,杂合度为0.752,个人识别几率为0.917。D18S865位点在成都汉族群体中发现7个等位基因,17种基因型,杂合度为0.72,个人识别几率为0.906;在甘肃东乡群体中发现6个等位基因,15种基因型,杂合度为0.814,个人识别几率为0.898。基因型频率分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律。等位基因频率的分布在2个群体之间无显著性差异。结论：D7S817、D18S865位点的扩增效率高,重复性好,个人识别能力强,在法医学个人识别和亲子鉴定应用中有较高的价值。     

英美侵权法行为“自身可诉”侵权制度及其合理借鉴——以我国《侵权责任法》的完善为中心

行为自身可诉侵权制度是英美侵权法上别具特色的术语和制度,其特点在于在某些特殊的侵权诉讼中,受害人或原告无需对损害事实的存在承担举证责任,该损害事实的存在或者由法院根据被告的行为直接推定,或者由法院根据合理人标准自由裁量确认。这对保护民事主体十分重要的民事权益及客观上受害人和原告难以实际证明损害事实的侵权类型是十分必要和有益的。我国立法有必要结合我国具体情况,合理借鉴其有益经验,规定在某些特殊情形下受害人无需承担证明损害事实的责任,并具体规定损害名誉侵权,以及我国《侵权责任法》第22条规定的"严重精神损害之诉"属该特殊情形。     

Al Capone and the Internal Revenue Service: State-sanctioned criminology of organized crime

The story of Al Capone's rise and fall as a Chicago gangster has always depended upon selective dissemination of federal agency records, particularly records of the Internal Revenue Service. Capone history, therefore, is state-sanctioned history. The IRS view of the Capone organization, and of the tax evasion conviction, cannot be easily challenged without access to the corpus of the IRS records. Unfortunately, these records remain sealed from public access, despite the fact that selective releases were made prior to 1977 to journalists, popular authors, film producers and historians. Continued secrecy over the Capone records perpetuates a state-sanctioned criminology of organized crime. Calder v. Internal Revenue Service ¹ attempted without success to unlock the corpus of IRS-Capone records to investigate the state-sanctioned view.     

Enron Et Al.: Paradigmatic White Collar Crime Cases for the New Century

The Enron et al. cases (i.e., the series of “corporate scandal” cases emerging in 2001–2002, beginning with Enron, and including such cases as WorldCom, Global Crossing, Adelphia, and Tyco) are the first major American white collar crime cases of the new century. This article identifies some of the key attributes of these cases. The Enron et al. cases can only be understood by applying criminological theory on several different levels; structural, organizational, dramaturgic and individualistic dimensions are applied to the Enron case in particular. The Enron et al. cases must also be understood in the context of an emerging postmodern society. The specific role of criminologists in explaining and responding to these paradigmatic new white collar crime cases is addressed. The article ends with some conjectures on the potential outcomes of the Enron et al. cases. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Al Rawi,Tariq, and the Future of Closed Material Procedures and Special Advocates

This note considers the impact of the Supreme Court's decisions in Al Rawi v The Security Service and Home Office v Tariq on the use of closed material procedures and special advocates. The government's subsequent Justice and Security Green Paper is also discussed.