附保护第三人作用合同研究——兼论建设工程施工合同对第三人效力的法理依据

为了加强对第三人的法律救济,德国判例创设了附保护第三人作用合同。根据该制度产生和发展的原因及其在德国法上的价值,并结合我国现行法与最高人民法院扩张了建筑工程施工合同对第三人的效力,我国目前应当有选择地引进该制度,通过合理地限制第三人的范围,从而完善保护第三人的法律制度。     

The doctrine of ultra vires and the protection of shareholders,creditors and third parties in Ghana: a balancing act

The doctrine of ultra vires was at common law invoked to frustrate expectations of innocent parties that entered into transactions with companies outside their object clause. The common law doctrine of ultra vires is applicable in Ghana but with necessary modification under the Companies Code and it is an effective tool for the protection of shareholders, creditors and third party's interest in the company. Whilst third parties acting in good faith and without notice are protected under the law, shareholders and creditors may restrain the company from dealing with the third party in the case of future transactions. This ensures balance and in any event when an action is instituted the court is obliged to look at the equities involved.