运用数字X线摄影法测量跟骨推算身高

目的测量跟骨侧位数字X线摄影（DR）片上相关长度指标,建立跟骨推算身高的回归方程。方法应用数字X线摄影方法,在393例（男性174例,女性219例）活体（四川汉族成年人）跟骨侧位DR片上测量5项长度指标,同时测量其身高。通过各项长度测量指标与身高的线性回归分析,建立跟骨推算身高的回归方程;并对所建方程进行身高预测值与实际值的配对t检验、残差分析、等方差性检验及共线性检验。结果共建立有统计学意义的一元回归方程10个,多元回归方程3个。回归方程的复相关系数（R）在0．653～0．218范围内,身高估计值标准误（SE）在4．59～6．68cm范围。结论本研究所建立的身高推算方程,可作为四川汉族人群跟骨推算身高的依据。     

漫谈“小暑天”白领职业病

中医将一天分为12个时辰（一个时辰为2个小时），将一年四季又细分为“五季”（在夏秋之间多出来一个长夏，即春、夏、长夏、秋、冬等“五季”）。并认为，五脏分管五季，即：春对应肝、夏对应心、长夏对应脾、秋对应肺、冬对应肾。     

用Y-STR单倍型信息指导数据库采样分析

目的分析浙江省绍兴诸暨市（县级市）各镇、村和姓的Y-STR单倍型分布，为Y_STR数据库的采样与应用提供依据。方法采集诸暨市17个镇156村的55个姓氏，且各镇一村有同姓人员10人以上（含）的家族样本5903份男性个体血样。采用YfilerTM复合扩增试剂盒进行17个Y-STR分型，所得数据进行镇（乡／街道）／村／姓氏的组合和镇（乡／街道）／村／姓氏／单倍型组合分布情况统计分析。结果在5903份男性样本中，获得1987种Y-STR单倍型，它们分布于235种镇（乡／街道）／＋-t／姓氏组合，共构成2547种镇（乡／街道）／村／姓氏／单倍型组合。各单倍型对应的“镇／村／姓”组合次数出现从1到18次不等，其中有1686种单倍型对应1种镇一村一姓组合（84．9％），绝大部分的单倍型对应1～2种镇一村一姓组合（95．3％）。各镇／村中同姓人员出现的主流分型大部分为1～2种（90．7％）。在镇／村的同姓人员中出现次要分型的频率平均为18．22％。结论Y-STR数据库在诸暨的采样在家族调查的基础上，应针对次要分型较多的姓增加采样量，减少遗漏风险，获得高质量的YSTR数据库。     

现代人面颅角度测量的种族差异性

目的探索面颅角度指标在种族鉴定方面的差异性。方法选取现代人头骨57例,其中中国黄种人头骨30例（女性9例,男性21例）,包括吉林1例,河北5例,山东4例,青海4例,安徽4例,江西3例,云南3例,贵州3例,广西3例。欧洲自种人头骨27例,性别不详,取自欧洲Zellemdorf、Vresovice、Kysperka3地。按体质人类学测量方法,通过参考相关文献和对颅骨形态特点的观察,设计面颅左侧眶角、右侧眶角、鼻颌角3个角度指标进行测量。对测量数据进行描述性统计分析和两独立样本之间的t检验。结果3个角度指标在种族差异性方面,眶角的种族差异性具有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01）,而鼻颌角之间的种族差异性无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论有些角度指标显示出明显的种族差异性,今后需要加强此方面的研究。     

辽宁汉族成人前牙的性别判别研究

本文对辽宁地区汉族成人前牙（５０８颗）的牙根长、牙冠高、牙冠宽、牙颈宽、牙冠厚及牙颈厚的测量值进行了两类判别分析，获得了前牙的１２个性别判别方程式，其回代率分别为６８．４２％～８７．５０％、７０．４１％～８６．３６％。     

X线摄影测量活体胫腓骨长度推算身高

目的应用计算机X线摄影（computer radiography,CR）测量活体胫腓骨长度,建立适合当代中国北方汉族人群胫腓骨长度推算身高的数学模型。方法在422例（男性207例．女性215例）活体山东汉族成年人的胫腓骨正位CR片上测量5项长度指标,同时测量其身高。通过各项测量指标与身高的线性回归分析、线性回归模型假设检验的方差分析以及偏回归系数的t检验．建立运用胫腓骨长度推算身高的回归方程;并对所建立的方程进行身高预测值与真实值的配对t检验、残差分析等方程的预测与诊断。结果共建立有统计学意义的一元回归方程35个一所建立的回归方程的相关系数在0．909～0．823范围内．回归方程的估计值标准误在2．48～3．87cm范围结论应用CR放射学方法测量胫腓骨长度推算身高．可以为法医学个人识别身高推算提供帮助,建立的回归方程适用于中国北方汉族人群胫腓骨的身高推算。     

119例性病检查的报告

法医工作者在日常工作中常会涉及性病检查。为认识性病，笔者将涉嫌性病119例检查所见报道如下。检查资料及所见一、检查对象涉嫌性病检查者为来自宾馆、酒店、歌舞厅“三陪”小姐及异性按摩的收审人员，共119例。其中女性111例，男性仅有5例，男女之比为l。228；年龄最小为16岁，最大29岁，其中18～24岁之间有90例问巴6％）。119例中，已婚者22人（18％）。二、外生殖器的检查所见1．女性问晰明部明显红斑、糜烂者20例（16．8％）；乳头状、丝状、扁平状尖锐湿疣18例门sl％）。（2）湿疹样改变6例，占总数的0．5％（照片1）。（）处女膜检…     

数据库

自2003年社区矫正开始试点以来，截至去年9月份，全国共有27个省（区、市）共有208个地（市、州）、1309个县（区、市）、14202个乡镇（街道）开展了社区矫正试点工作，累计接收社区服刑人员35．8万人，解除矫正17．1万人，现有社区服刑人员18．7万人。     

四川汉族青少年面部中线软组织厚度的数字X线测量

目的 测量四川汉族青少年（8—20岁）人群面部中线软组织厚度，探讨其生长发育变化规律，为法医人类学的面部重建提供的基础数据。方法 选取974例（男496，女478）头颅侧位数字X线片，分13个年龄段（8—20岁）。选择面部10个标志点的软组织厚度测量，并进行描述性统计学分析。结果 四川汉族青少年人群面部10个标志点的中线软组织平均厚度，在青少年阶段大多数测量标志点随年龄增长而增厚；男女性面部中线软组织厚度统计学分析存在性别差异（P〈0．05），在15岁之后差异增大，且LU点显著差异性在9-20岁之间均存在（P〈0．01）。结论 四川汉族青少年面部中线软组织厚度有随年龄增长而增厚的档势．男女面部软组织厚度存在性别差异。     

基于三维数字化模型评估上下颌牙弓宽度与性别的相关性

目的 利用三维数字化测量方法对上下颌牙弓宽度进行测量，来评估上下颌牙弓宽度与性别的相关性。方法 本研究收集120名成年人的上下颌三维数字模型，男女各60名，利用逆向工程软件，分别测量上下颌两尖牙间、两第一前磨牙间、两第二前磨牙间、两第一磨牙间和两第二磨牙间的宽度，并对其进行统计分析，建立判别函数，以评估上下颌各牙弓的宽度与性别的关系。通过ROC曲线分析，得出所有牙弓尺寸估计性别的可能性。用Garn等给出的方法计算性别二型性百分比。结果 除了两下颌尖牙间宽度，其余上下颌各牙弓宽度的平均值男性均大于女性，且具有统计学差异（p <0.05），用其建立判别函数，鉴定准确率为59.2%～80%。其中，上颌两第二磨牙间的宽度对性别的判断效果最好，为80%。性别鉴定的准确率随着从尖牙到第二磨牙的远移而增加。ROC曲线分析表明上颌两第二磨牙间宽度最有可能估计性别，曲线下面积为0.887。上颌第二磨牙间宽度的性别二型性最高，达到91.8%。结论 上下颌各牙弓间的宽度在不同的性别之间存在差异，尤其是上颌第二磨牙间的宽度，因此可考虑将其用于遗骸的性别鉴定。     

Measurement of arch widths in a human population: relation of anticipated bite marks

The authors compared arch width measurements of diagnostic dental models obtained from dental school patients. Arch width measurements were taken in the canine area on each dental cast in an effort to assist forensic dental investigators in matching certain classes of subjects to the bites they might possibly inflict. If any canine teeth were absent, the measurements were taken using other specified adjacent teeth which the investigators felt would be interpreted as the arch width determiners in a bite mark injury. The ages of the subjects varied from 14 to 87 years. Statistical comparison of the maxillary arch width, mandibular arch width, and the mean difference between maxillary and mandibular arch width were performed. Significant differences between the arch width measurements were found to exist between several classes of subjects based on race and sex.     

中国人肱骨的性别鉴定

目的 建立中国人肱骨性别判定的方程。方法 测量了来自全国9省区的已知生前确切性别的103个个体的左右侧肱骨的12项测量指标,使用SPSS软件,对所获得的测量数据,进行男女性别间测量数据的t检验。剔除性别检验差异不显著的测量项目,使用Fisher判别分析方法,建立肱骨性别判定方程。结果 单一测量指标的性别判定方程20组,性别判别率为75.9％～89.3％;肱骨上端的性别判定方程2组,性别判别率为83.6％～85.7％;肱骨中段的性别判定方程2组,性别判别率为81.3％～83.9％;肱骨下端的性别判定方程2组,性别判别率为82％。完整肱骨的性别判别率,左侧87％,右侧90.9％,双侧肱骨的性别判别率为96.3％。结论 建立的肱骨性别判别方程,适用于中国人肱骨的性别判定。     

The intergroup variability and sex dimorphism in the size of the human dental arches in personal identification]

The morphology of dental arch has been studied in representatives of 11 contrast (by anthropological characteristics) ethnic groups from regions of their compact residence. The sampling from each ethnic group consisted of 200 subjects (100 male and 100 female) aged 13-20 years. A total of 4,500 plaster models of dental arches were examined. The results were statistically processed using factor, canonical, discriminant analyses, and multidimensional scanning. The data on the variability and sex dimorphism in the size and shape of dental arches in subjects belonging to different ethnic groups may be practically significant in forensic medical personality identification.     

National survey of the incidence of missing anterior teeth: Potential use in bite mark analysis in the Brazilian context

Bite mark analysis in forensic dentistry presupposes that the human dentition is unique and that its characteristics can be transferred precisely to several materials. The aim of the present study was to register the frequency of missing anterior teeth in the Brazilian adult population, discussing its potential importance in bite mark analysis. Data from the Brazilian Oral Health Survey were used; 13,431 male and female individuals aged 35 to 44 were examined according to the criteria of the World Health Organization. The analysis of Poisson regression was performed in order to calculate the rating ratios and the respective confidence interval at 95%. A total of 13,431 adults participated in the study. Among male individuals, 2063 (47.00%) were dentate and 2036 (46.40%) had at least one missing tooth. Only 254 (5.83%) were totally edentulous. A significant number of males and females presented 6 missing teeth in the same dental arch, revealing the poor state of oral health of adult Brazilians. Missing teeth were more frequent in the upper dental arch than in the lower arch. In the upper dental arch, the incisor group (central and lateral) was missing the most. In the lower dental arch, however, a certain lack of homogeneity was observed among the different dental groups as regards missing teeth. White individuals presented a smaller proportion of missing teeth compared to the other ethnic groups. Females were 1.61 (CI 1.50–1.73) times more likely than males to present missing teeth. The absence of upper teeth and the presence of lower teeth were observed in 16.10% of the individuals. Further research should also include an analysis of different age groups. This would increase the potential of applying this kind of information to bite mark analysis.     

中国汉族成人甲状软骨的性别判定

目的 建立中国汉族成人甲状软骨性别判别的函数方程。方法 对142例中国汉族成人甲状软骨(男73例,女69例)进行大体测量,选择7个性别差异非常显著的测量指标,然后采用Fisher判别分析法和Bayes逐步判别分析法,建立判定甲状软骨性别的系列判别函数。结果 建立了13个甲状软骨的性别判别方程,完整或大部分完整的甲状软骨性别判别准确率均达100％,残缺的达90％。结论 中国汉族成人甲状软骨性别差异明显,运用所建方程能够判定甲状软骨的性别。     

Discriminant analysis of the mandible for sex determination

Seventeen measuring parameters were used to characterize 197 mandibles (109 males, 88 females) taken from the corpses of people 20-80 years of age from the Rhine-Main-Neckar area. The representative measuring parameters and discriminating functions of intact lower jaws and lower jaw fragments of most frequent fracture types were determined in this practice group by means of discriminating analysis. In the present research material it was possible to determine sex accurately from an intact lower jaw bone in 82.6% (m) and 79.5% (f) of the cases. Furthermore, our results show clearly that sex may even be determined from lower jaw fragments. The classification was correct, depending on the type of fragment, in 72.5%-81.7% (m) and 71.6%-79.5% (f) of the cases.     

中国汉族男女股骨性别差异

经测量235副（男158副，女77副）已知生前确切性别的成年股骨的21项指标，对单一测量项目判定股骨性别的效果进行了检验。结果表明，21项测量指标中有11项单一指标的判别效果达80％以上。采用Fisher两类判别分析法对测量数据进行统计处理，得到根据单侧股骨测量值判别性别的函数方程14个；对南方和北方人群组的测量数据，分别用Fisher两类判别法进行统计，建立了根据单侧股骨测量值判断性别的函数34个，判别率最高达98．23％。与盲测判别准确率相近。该法可用于法医人类学的个体识别。     

Odontological Approach to Sexual Dimorphism in Southeastern France

Abstract: The aim of this study was to establish a prediction formula to allow for the determination of sex among the southeastern French population using dental measurements. The sample consisted of 105 individuals (57 males and 48 females, aged between 18 and 25 years). Dental measurements were calculated using Euclidean distances, in three‐dimensional space, from point coordinates obtained by a Microscribe. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to establish the prediction formula. Among 12 selected dental distances, a stepwise logistic regression analysis highlighted the two most significant discriminate predictors of sex: one located at the mandible and the other at the maxilla. A cutpoint was proposed to prediction of true sex. The prediction formula was then tested on a validation sample (20 males and 34 females, aged between 18 and 62 years and with a history of orthodontics or restorative care) to evaluate the accuracy of the method.     

Two arch criteria of the ilium for sex determination of immature skeletal remains: A test of their accuracy and an assessment of intra- and inter-observer error

Although the assignment of sex to immature skeletal remains is considered problematic, some traits have been considered useful for both forensic and bioarchaeological applications. One such trait is the arch criterion found in subadult ilia, which is defined relative to the greater sciatic notch-auricular surface area. In adults, the composite arch has also been described in relation to this area and has proven relatively successful in sex determination. This study offers an examination of the accuracy of the arch criterion and the composite arch in determining the sex of subadult skeletal remains, and an assessment of intra- and inter-observer scoring error. A sample of 97 skeletons of known sex and age (<15 years) from the Lisbon collection (Portugal) were selected and the traits were scored by three observers on orthogonal photos of each ilium. In general the agreement within (67.7–88.5%) and between (50.5–76.3%) examiners was poor and overall accuracy (26.7–52.6%) did not meet the expectations of that reported in previous studies. The authors suggest that this derives from great variation in morphology, difficulties in interpreting criteria and possibly a lack of association between the expression of the traits and sex. Careful examination of sex-related morphology in the immature skeleton and additional blind tests of so-called useful traits should continue to be carried out.     

Dental shape match rates in selected and orthodontically treated populations in New York State: a two-dimensional study

Forensically identifying a suspect's dentition from a bitemark in an open population requires the supposition that every person's dental alignment is different. There have been few studies that have tested this claim. Four hundred and ten lower anterior dentitions from a selected population and 110 lower anterior dentitions from one that was orthodontically treated were measured using geometric morphometric analysis, allowing comparison of arch shape. Dental match rates of 1.46% and 42.7% of individuals were found in the respective populations, given an established measurement error. Orthodontic treatment had a strong effect on match rate suggesting that treated or naturally well-aligned dentitions may be indistinguishable. Sexual dimorphism was found to be only slightly significant. Principal shape variation in both populations was degree of arch curvature. Results of studying these populations show that dental matches can occur, and that statements of certainty concerning individualization in such populations should be approached with caution.