公司侵权能力与侵权责任探讨

确定由公司承担侵权责任的两个关键性的问题,一是公司侵权行为的构成要件,即认定公司侵权行为的标准,以区分公司的侵权行为和对外代表公司的自然人的个人侵权行为,从而确定责任的最终承担者;二是如何科学地界定法人的责任和其内部成员的责任,以使责任主体适格,使真正的责任人受到追究,从而维护公司的利益。     

论“因侵权而犯罪”与“因犯罪而侵权”

刑事侵权具备"刑事责任"、"侵权责任"双重责任属性,由于刑、民责任在发展进程、互动的路径及效果上的不同,可分化为"因侵权而犯罪"与"因犯罪而侵权",即刑事侵权二分论。"因侵权而犯罪"具有民事责任倾向性,"因犯罪而侵权"具有刑事责任倾向性,解决刑事侵权责任问题须兼顾侵权责任法与刑事法的正义要求。刑民二分论有坚实的法律基础,符合法律价值基础的要求,当刑事责任与侵权责任进行内容接轨与功能互补时,可在实践中实现预期的价值目标和社会效益的最大化。     

侵权法的现代发展与中国侵权法的制定

侵权法作为私法的重要组成部分，对于填补损害、保护人们的合法权益具有举足轻重的作用。因此．无论国家制度如何、文化差异多大，也无论经济发达与否、社会进步程度多高，任何一个国家的法律都有关于侵权行为的规定．中国改革开放三十年来，政治、经济、社会、文化等各方面均得到了飞速发展，这在客观上必然会要求健全和完善相应的法律制度，《民法典》的制定就是其中之一。     

The Alien Tort Statute: Blackstone and Criminal/Tort Law Hybridities

The importation of criminal law concepts into the area of civillaw is attracting increasing interest. The United States’Alien Tort Statute (ATS), though principally known for enablinginternational human rights suits to be filed in the domesticcourts of the United States, also imports criminal law notionsinto civil litigation. This article explores the hybrid natureof the ATS in the context of the development of internationallaw, and raises the question of whether ‘grandeur’is a principal reason for the ATS’ existence.     

评《侵权责任法》中的医疗损害责任

分析医疗损害责任纳入《侵权责任法》积极和消极意义的基础上,阐述了医疗纠纷的法律适用,并从解构医患法律关系入手,提出了坚持医疗纠纷中对医方宽容与对患者救济并行。构建医患法律关系的立法趋势。     

行政侵权与民事侵权共同致害案件的审理问题研究

有侵权必有救济。我国目前的侵权救济是建立在行政侵权与民事侵权并行的基础上,这种侵权救济制度难以解决行政机关违法侵权与一般民事主体侵权共同侵害他人合法权益问题。由于法律规定的欠缺,这类共同侵权案件中引发的行政赔偿责任和民事赔偿责任应当如何分担和衔接,成为困扰司法实践的一个难题。对于此类案件的处理,我们必须在审理程序、归责原则、因果关系及责任划分等问题上采取不同于一般侵权案件的处理方法加以应对。     

试论网络作品著作权的侵权和保护

网络作品作权保护问题随着今年以来的的数起侵案的审理而现实地摆在我们面前。网络作品也属于《作权法》保护之列,应该依法加以保护。但网络这种新兴媒体有其特殊性,如果一律按现行《作权法》对有关侵权行为进行调整,将对正处于发展中的网络媒体产生消极影响。应该结合《作权法》和网络的特性,对网络作品作权加以保护。最关键的是要尽快制定相关法律。     

Tort Reform and Physician Sanctioning

This article examines the relationship between changes in tort rules and the sanctioning of physicians by state medical boards. It compares the sanctioning rates for doctors in states that have passed tort reforms with the rates in states that have not made legislative changes. It concludes that alterations to the joint liability rule may have increased sanctioning, while the addition of pre–trial screening panels and regulation of attorney fees may have limited the number of physicians who receive punishment.     

Tort Law and Corrective Justice

This article offers arefutation of the corrective justiceinterpretation of tort law – the view that itis essentially a system of corrective justice. It introduces a distinction between primary andsecondary tort duties and claims that tort lawis best understood as the union of its primaryand secondary duties. It then advances twoindependent criticisms of the correctivejustice interpretation. The article firstargues that primary tort duties have nothingfundamentally to do with corrective justice andthat, if one understands what is meant by``primary tort duties,' one is compelledto regard this fact as a decisive objection tothe corrective justice interpretation. Second,it argues that, whatever relation thereis between secondary tort duties and correctivejustice, that relation also holds betweencorrective justice and secondary duties ofother legal branches. In sum, the concept ofcorrective justice is neither capable ofunifying tort law nor of demarcating it fromother legal branches.The article also offers a general alternativeinterpretation of tort law. Rather thanbeing essentially corrective, tort law isessentially protective. Under this picture, iftort law has a most important point, it is theprotection of legal subjects and valuablesocial interests from harm. This is theoverarching ambition that unifies primary andsecondary tort duties. It does not, however,demarcate tort law from other legal branches.     

侵权法上的因果关系

侵权法上因果关系可分为责任成立意义上的因果关系和赔偿范围上的因果关系。责任成立意义上的因果关系无论在大陆法系还是英美法系都可分为事实因果关系和法律因果关系。事实因果关系的判定以哲学意义上的因果关系的判定为基础 ,以必要条件或充分原因作为前提条件 ,同时必须伴随损害结果发生可能性增加。法律因果关系的成立则以实现其社会功能为出发点 ,因此要将可预见性、损害的类型、责任的类型、过错的程度等加以考虑。赔偿范围上的因果关系是确定各原因力对损害结果的贡献 ,从而锁定赔偿额的大小。     

Tort, Insurance and Incoherence

Some commentators have doubted whether, as is generally believed, liability insurance has had a significant expansionary effect on the law of tort. This article contends that the common assumption is, indeed, correct, and the crucial influence of insurance is clearly seen in the recent cases of Vowles v Evans and Gwilliam v West Herts NHS Trust . Once this has been acknowledged, the consequent radical incoherence in the basis of tort law needs to be confronted. The argument here is that only through faithful adherence to principles of individual responsibility and corrective justice, inherent as these are within the structure of tort law, can we hope to preserve coherence in the law of tort.     

公平理念与环境侵权

本文运用公平理念探讨了环境侵权的构成问题,认为对环境侵权的违法性应作实质性理解,并提出了环境侵权推定因果关系的新构想即"正反因果关系说",提出了对环境侵权的正当防卫和紧急避险主张和共同环境侵权与混合过错环境侵权的责任制度。     

论法人的侵权行为

法人与自然人一样 ,具有侵权行为能力。但法人的侵权行为是指法人以自己的行为致人损害 ,其法律要件与法人就他人 (法人成员 )的致害行为所承担的民事责任有所不同。法人侵权行为的成立 ,须具备以下条件 :须为法人的代表机关 (代表人 )或其他有代表权的人之行为 ;须为因执行职务而致人损害 ;须执行职务之加害行为构成侵权责任的条件。法人对其代表人执行职务的致害行为 ,应对受害人单独承担全部责任 ,然后得根据法人章程或者公司法有关规定 ,对有过错的代表人进行追偿或者处罚。     

当代侵权法比较研究

侵权法在两大法系中所采路径截然不同、风格各异,这一特点与具体规则模式和一般原则模式之间的现代法律理论的区别是相伴而生的。比较侵权法的焦点主要不是实体问题,而是侵权法的基本结构和模式问题。在侵权法的诸多具体制度上,两大法系远比普遍认为的那样更为相近,二者之间并没有不可逾越的障碍和差别。     

服务侵权责任是独立的质量侵权责任

服务侵权责任是一项独立的质量侵权责任。承担服务侵权责任的前提条件是服务存在缺陷,即服务经营者所提供的服务不符合保障人身、财产安全的要求,包括服务设计缺陷、服务指示缺陷和服务过程缺陷。服务侵权责任的归责原则应采取过借推定兼顾公平原则。服务侵权责任与产品责任、建筑侵权责任构成我国“三位一体”的质量侵权责任制度。     

论著作权侵权与著作权犯罪

著作权的保护在不同的法律制度中都有相关的规定,其中在民法和刑法中存在着对著作权侵权与著作权犯罪的规定,对著作权的民事保护与刑事保护已经成为各国对著作权保护的两种主要的手段,本文主要研究的问题是在解释论的角度如何区分著作权侵权与著作权犯罪;在立法论的角度,如何完善对著作权的保护,从而实现民法与刑法在著作权保护方面的协调和配合。     

Police Shootings and the Role of Tort

In Ashley v Chief Constable of Sussex , the House of Lords ruled that a civil claim in trespass to the person may be sustained against an individual police officer in respect of a fatal shooting, in circumstances where the officer had already been acquitted in criminal proceedings and where liability to compensate in respect of all losses had been conceded. Two members of the majority clearly ruled that trespass torts may have a vindicatory purpose which survives a concession of liability to compensate, thus deepening the connection between tort, and the protection of fundamental rights, and suggesting an intriguing distinction between the functions of civil and criminal law.     

虚假广告的侵权责任规制

侵权责任具有惩罚与救济双重功能,其对虚假广告行为的规制,具有其他责任形式无法替代的作用。过错推定责任和惩罚性赔偿,由于大大增加了对消费者的维权激励,有利于对虚假广告侵权行为进行追诉,是完善虚假广告侵权责任的有效途径。广告经营者、广告发布者、广告荐证者与广告主的行为一起构成共同侵权,应当对虚假广告侵权承担连带责任。