美国医疗保险制度改革的历史考察与理论检省

医疗保险法制改革是困扰世界各国的难题,而美国从20世纪初叶开始起步、至奥巴马完成的医疗保险制度的改革,充分考虑到美国的社会需求,走公私结合,政府强力推行和改革内容适当妥协相辅,革命性和渐进性兼顾的医保改革的道路,并在政府干预与市场自由的适度制度构架、多元利益(权利)的平衡妥协、政治精英与民众及媒体的协商互动等方面,形成了独具特色的公共政策制定路线和合法性供给策略。奥巴马"医改"法案的成功实施,不仅实现了美国医疗保险制度的重大突破,也为中国的医疗保险制度改革提供了有益的借鉴。     

National Parliaments in the European Union: Are There Any Benefits to Integration?

Abstract: Scholars and observers alike agree that the European Union has weakened national parliaments. This article posits that such a view, while generally accurate, ignores ways in which the EU has helped national parliaments in their function as regulators of society. It identifies two key mechanisms: precedent setting and policy transfer. First, the EU has produced laws on topics considered beyond the traditional remit of national parliaments. The EU's intervention has justified the production of unprecedented domestic laws that go well beyond the incorporation of EU principles. This has expanded the legislative reach of national parliaments. The article considers the experiences of Italy and The Netherlands in the area of antitrust. Second, the EU has fostered an environment conducive to cross‐national lesson drawing. The resulting knowledge has helped the design of more effective domestic legislative frameworks. This has confirmed the viability of national parliaments as regulatory institutions. The article examines the Open Method of Co‐ordination and its application to the areas of employment and social inclusion. It concludes with a discussion of parliaments in future Member States and in Mercosur.     

Counter-terrorism: measures to fight against the foreign terrorist fighter phenomenon and the use of ICT for the recruitment of terrorists

Terrorism, in all its manifestations, has redefined national and international security landscapes in recent years. The impact of terrorist organisations has mushroomed, and they are becoming increasingly complex. There is evidence to point to the fact that the planning, recruitment, coordination and perpetration of terrorist acts has been largely assisted by the proliferation of networking hardware such as computers, cell-phones, and internet access. In addition, the availability of various digital tools and software has amplified the ease of communication, regardless of location. Strategy to date has been dominated by law enforcement and military actions, as exemplified in most international initiatives against terrorism. In some cases, this has elicited sympathy for the terrorist organisations because of resulting unintended civilian casualties. There is now recognition that a shift in strategy to a more civil society focussed approach which addresses the underlying causes may be more effective.     

关于公法与私法界定之反思

社会交往中产生的冲突,需要用不同的方式加以解决。法治社会中,法律越来越得到重视。公法在调整社会关系时,通常依据公权力的直接作用,私法在调整社会关系时,通常依据公权力的间接作用。依据这一特点,将法律区分为公法和私法,对解决我国现实问题具有重要意义。     

网络犯罪共犯行为的正犯化与定量评价

信息时代网络空间中的共犯行为发生了"异化","一对多"的共犯模式成为常态,导致共犯的从属性降低。司法实践逐渐摸索出了共犯行为正犯化的定性解释模式,并且逐步为共犯行为构建了独立的定量评价规则,这在"发起"多人、帮助多人、针对多人的"不作为""事后"共犯中都可参照借鉴。     

从霸权经济到国际经济机制——全球化背景下超国家干预经济模式的理性选择

全球化背景下,世界各国面临超国家干预经济的客观现实。超国家干预经济有霸权干预经济和国际经济机制干预两种模式。前者是传统的超国家干预模式,曾经促进过国际经济秩序的稳定和发展,但在理论和实践中均存在诸多弊端,如今已不符合国际经济发展的需要,逐渐为国际社会所抛弃;后者作为新的超国家干预经济手段,符合经济全球化发展的趋势,已被国际社会所广泛认同和接纳,理应作为未来超国家干预经济的模式。但国际经济机制干预模式仍存在诸多缺陷,应当完善其多元化设计,并推进其实现从自由化到社会化的转型,最终建立和谐世界经济环境。     

Technology transfer and industrial development in Taiwan

Taiwan, in spite of its limited land and natural resources, has achieved remarkable economic growth during the past four decades. Taiwan's gross domestic product (GDP) has grown 40 times and its industrial production has increased 87 times. The Industrial Technology Research Institute of Taiwan (ITRI) has played important roles in transferring applied technologies to industry. This diffusion of technologies, along with the government's efforts toward industrialization, has helped create a strong national economy in Taiwan.     

《劳动合同法》（草案）与农民工权益保障相关问题研究

《劳动合同法》(草案)虽然没有直接将农民工纳入范畴,但是农民工是劳动者之一,理应受劳动合同法的调整,农民工是《劳动合同法》的法律主体之一。《草案》第一次将包工头作为用人单位纳入劳动法的范畴,对确定劳动者特别是农民工与包工头的劳动关系意义重大,对农民工向包工头讨要工资提供了法律依据。《草案》已经将事实劳动关系直接纳入了劳动合同法的范畴,这对保护广大农民工的劳动权益意义深远。《草案》对恶意欠薪行为,规定了惩罚赔偿制度,有利于解决拖欠农民工工资问题,但惩罚赔偿的力度不大,应当加大倍数。     

法的现代性：一个虚构的理论神话

在当代中国，法的现代性理论虽然已成为一个引入注目的学术板块，但是，有两个方面的问题需要再审视。一方面，从现代性本身来看，它其实是一个虚构、虚拟的概念，而且已经异化成为一个符号化的图腾。另一方面，从现代性与中国法律、中国法治的关系来看，在历史上，法律移植虽然持续不断，但百年中国的法律移植与现代性无关；20世纪80年代以来，现代性虽然有力地塑造了中国的法学理论，但它对当代中国法治实践的塑造能力相当微弱，真实生活中的法律与法治只能按照实践本身的逻辑来演进，现代性不足以牵引中国法治实践的方向。这两个方面表明，虽然现代性这个词的价值与意义不容全部抹杀，法的现代性理论依然只是一个虚构的理论神话。     

BEYOND ADOLESCENCE‐LIMITED CRIMINOLOGY: CHOOSING OUR FUTURE—THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CRIMINOLOGY 2010 SUTHERLAND ADDRESS*

For over a half century, criminology has been dominated by a paradigm—adolescence‐limited criminology (ALC)—that has privileged the use of self‐report surveys of adolescents to test sociological theories of criminal behavior and has embraced the view that “nothing works” to control crime. Although ALC has created knowledge, opposed injustice, and advanced scholars’ careers, it has outlived its utility. The time has come for criminologists to choose a different future. Thus, a new paradigm is needed that is rooted in life‐course criminology, brings criminologists closer to offenders and to the crime event, prioritizes the organization of knowledge, and produces scientific knowledge that is capable of improving offenders’ lives and reducing crime.     

我国近30年“依法治税”的理论言说——基于法律话语的分析

改革开放30年以来,"依法治税"在我国税法学以及税收实务界获得了广泛认同。通过法律话语分析可知,"依法治税"是上世纪80年代后期以来在我国形成的独特话语现象,其理论言说的话语主体为政府官员,其言说的内容是使用法律(包括政策)"治"理税收。这样一种自上而下加以推行的"依法治税"模式在改革开放之初具有一定的进步性,但是随着"税收法治"的发展,"依法治税"理论言说开始式微,并且成为阻碍进一步推动税收法治的话语障碍。     

从自由到平等:美国言论自由的现代转型

自1960年代开始,美国言论自由开启了从经典时期向现代的转型。在色情作品、仇恨言论和竞选经费三个领域,言论自由分别与性别平等、种族平等和财富平等正面相遇。通过把"平等"价值引入言论自由这一转型,使色情作品、仇恨言论和竞选经费从单纯的自由问题变为平等与自由间的平衡;同时,为了促进平等,它还强调法律和政策应告别形式中立,必须向弱势群体有所倾斜。这一转型相当于一场言论自由的"新政",终结了言论自由的洛克纳时代,重塑了言论自由的范式和议程,并对当代言论自由的发展产生持续和深远的影响。     

若干经典行政管理学概念的逻辑分析

经过一个多世纪的发展,行政管理学的学科理论逐步走向成熟,产生了一些对该学科的形成和发展起重要作用或具有持久影响力的经典概念。这些经典概念之间存在着必然的逻辑关系,明确这些概念间的逻辑关系,对于行政管理学的学科基础建设具有重要意义。     

Prisons in transition

The role of the prison has changed, in some ways dramatically, over the last two decades. The prison population has grown and its composition has altered. There has been an increase in the depth and weight of imprisonment, and a hardening of its emotional tone. Prisoners' voices have been silenced, outcomes have deteriorated, and yet public presentation of the prison has improved. Power has shifted upwards, as senior managers have an unprecedented grip on establishments and their 'performance'. There are new fantasies about, and constructions of, the prison's role, with little evidence to support such public and political dreams. Such sleights of hand are only possible without knowledge of the prison's interior life. Punitive prisons which treat prisoners, and possibly prison staff, unfairly and with little or no respect add to human suffering and do not address either the problem of crime or the problem of public fear.     

我国给付行政正当程序的立法现状研究

处于转型期的我国行政法有两个重要特点,一是给付行政法勃兴,重干预行政法而轻给付行政法的传统格局有所调整;二是行政程序法崛起,重行政实体法而轻行政程序法的传统现象有所改变。但以上两种特点没有有机结合起来,给付行政程序法没有得到应有的重视。给付行政正当程序是给付行政程序的核心。必须努力改变我国给付行政正当程序立法滞后的局面。     

论公法在中国的演进

公、私法的划分肇始于西方,因其契合着人的公共性和个体性而得以延续和广泛应用。公法因社会生态的不同而演变出宗教、道德、法律等不同的表现形态。公法在中国是伴随着共同体的形成而生成的。近代以前,由于公共利益遮蔽了个体利益,道德始终占据着社会的主导地位,公法在中国一直以道德的形式存在着。近现代后,社会生态的变化使得利益多元化逐渐生成,公法在中国逐渐由道德向法律转变。当前公、私法之间愈来愈呈现出融合的趋势。宪法的彰显是公、私法划分发展的一个新阶段,它使公、私法的二元对立实现了在更高层次上的统一。公法在宪法整体性的协调下,已呈现出自足与互助的同构。     

Inference structures for crime analysis and intelligence: the example of burglary using forensic science data

There has been much work dedicated to crime analysis and intelligence in recent times. Independently, physical evidence has shown great potential for linking crimes and bringing solid informative data through the increased use of multiple databases. However, their informative potential is still often underestimated and has been poorly integrated into police information systems. We propose a framework that fully introduces this data into an intelligence based system. This framework is built on the study of inference structures extracted from investigators’ every day implicit reasoning processes. Five specific inferences are studied with the particular problem of serial burglary investigation across independent police and legal structures. On the basis of such an analytical approach, a computer prototype has been designed; it has shown great promise and has resulted in several operational successes.     

中国法律文化变迁及特点

法律文化是法律制度的灵魂,法律文化概念是在20世纪60年代出现的。它经历了近代、当代的变迁,形成了自身固有的功能和特征;法律文化的演进是在西方法律文化同中国传统法律文化的冲突交融中形成的;它由义务本位观主导转变为权利本位观主导;法治文化最终取代政策文化。     

和谐世界视野下共赢性国际知识产权法律制度的构建

以TRIPs协议为核心的国际知识产权法律制度存在诸多问题,已经引发国际社会一系列重大矛盾冲突,如TRIPs协议妨碍了技术向发展中国家转移,TRIPs协议没有有效制止生物海盗行为,TRTPs协议损害了各国当地社会尤其是土著社会控制他们自己的基因资源、自然资源和文化资源的能力.TRIPs协议限制了获取专利药品的机会和能力并关涉到健康权的合理有效享有等.通过检视国际知识产权法律制度的嬗变,揭示发达国家种种极端利己主义行为及由此产生的严重后果,从建立和谐世界的角度,借助博弈论透析构建共赢性国际知识产权法律制度对建立和谐世界的重大意义,论证了知识产权国际保护应遵循的"共同而有差别"的指导原则,从体制内修订规则和体制外造法两个方面探讨了共赢性国际知识产权法律制度的构建.     

论环境行政管理的地位及其改进途径

人类为了追求经济利益,对自然进行了无限度的开发,给生态环境带来了严重的破坏并威胁和影响着社会的稳定与发展。在诸多的环境保护方式中,环境行政管理具有基础性地位。目前,我国在环境和生态方面依然面临着非常严峻的形势,因此,有必要探究改善环境行政管理的有效途径,以便更好地贯彻可持续发展的基本国策。