三聚氰胺对小鼠的致突变及致畸作用

选用昆明种小白鼠为研究对象,进行了三聚氰胺微核试验、精子畸形试验及致畸胎试验,以评价其致突变及致畸作用。结果显示,三聚氰胺在295.87～1 479.35mg/kg剂量范围内,小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率及PCE/NCE比值与阴性对照组无差异性(P>0.05);三聚氰胺中剂量组(591.74mg/kg)和高剂量组(1 479.35mg/kg)小鼠精子畸形率显著高于阴性对照组(P<0.05),精子畸形类型以折尾为主;三聚氰胺在19.72～98.62mg/kg剂量范围内,对孕鼠的生殖机能以及胎鼠的生长发育、外观、骨骼和内脏畸形无影响。结果表明,在本试验设计的剂量范围内,三聚氰胺无骨髓细胞毒性及致突变作用,对小鼠无胚胎毒性及致畸作用,但有精子致畸作用。     

喹胺醇对小白鼠致畸作用的研究

选择昆明小白鼠进行传统致畸试验,观察了喹胺醇对小白鼠胚胎的致畸作用及对胎鼠发育的影响.在小白鼠致畸敏感期(怀孕第6-15 d)连续用喹胺醇300、450和600mg/kg体重灌胃,分别为LD50的1/30、1/20和1/15剂量组,同时设阴性对照组和10 mg/kg体重环磷酰胺阳性对照组.结果表明,喹胺醇对孕鼠增重及小鼠胚胎生长发育无影响(P＞0.05),无胚胎毒性和致畸性.     

豆类丝核菌次级代谢产物对小白鼠胎儿的致畸作用

将妊娠的雌鼠随机分为5组,分别灌胃给予生理盐水、10 mg/kg环磷酰铵(CP)及高、中、低剂量豆类丝核菌次级代谢产物(苦马豆素含量分别为56.62、14.15、3.54 mg/kg),临产前剖腹取出胎鼠,将1/2胎鼠用茜素红染色做骨骼畸形观察,另1/2胎鼠用Bouins染色做内脏畸形检查,研究豆类丝核菌次级代谢产物对小鼠胎儿的致畸作用。结果显示,3个剂量组孕鼠增重、外观畸形率、骨骼畸形率、内脏畸形率与空白对照组均差异不显著(P>0.05),而与CP阳性对照组均差异极显著(P<0.01)。表明,在此剂量和条件下,豆类丝核菌次级代谢产物对小鼠无明显母体毒性,对胎鼠无发育毒性和致畸作用。     

10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉的安全药理学研究

探讨了10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉对家犬心血管系统与呼吸系统、小鼠神经系统及大鼠消化系统和泌尿系统的影响。结果显示,10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉40、20和10 mg/kg剂量组和阴性对照组(蒸馏水)经十二指肠给药后180 min内,受试麻醉犬各剂量组各时间点血压、呼吸频率、呼吸幅度及各项心电图指标给药前后自身对照,无显著性统计学意义(P0.05)。对小鼠神经系统的试验结果显示,该药240、120和60 mg/kg剂量组和阴性对照组(蒸馏水)灌胃给药后对小鼠耳壳血管及尾色泽无明显影响,各剂量组小鼠活动正常;10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉各剂量组与阈下剂量的戊巴比妥钠无协同作用,对小鼠自发活动没有明显影响。该药120、60和30 mg/kg剂量组和阴性对照组(蒸馏水)灌胃给药后,除高剂量组大鼠血清总蛋白、白蛋白质量浓度显著升高,中剂量组尿素氮浓度显著升高外(其值仍在正常范围内),3个用药组对大鼠胆汁分泌、肠推进、胃液分泌、尿常规、泌尿系统相关血清生化指标均无明显影响。研究结果表明,10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉在受试剂量范围内对家犬心血管系统和呼吸系统、小鼠机能协调和大鼠消化系统与泌尿系统均无显著影响。     

酸枣仁口服液的急性和亚慢性毒性试验研究

在急性毒性试验中,给予试验组罗曼雏鸡不同浓度的酸枣仁口服液来测定酸枣仁口服液的半数致死量和最大耐受量;在亚慢性毒性试验中,试验组雏鸡以10、5、2.5g/(kg.d)不同剂量连续经口给药28d,并另设灌服生理盐水对照组,在给药第28d和第42d,观察雏鸡的生长发育、血液学、生化、脏器指数的变化。结果显示,急性毒性试验没能测出酸枣仁口服液的半数致死量;雏鸡经口灌服受试物的最大耐受量高于20g/(kg.d);在亚慢性毒性试验期间,高剂量组在第7d的体重与对照组比较,差异极显著(P0.01),而第28d差异不显著;给药后各剂量组的红细胞、白细胞数量无显著性差异;高剂量组中肌酐低于对照组(P0.05);中剂量组中肌酐、总蛋白、肝指数低于对照组(P0.05);低剂量组中谷丙转氨酶(P0.01)和总蛋白(P0.05)低于对照组。停药14d后,中剂量组肝指数低于对照组(P0.05)。急性毒性试验表明酸枣仁口服液无急性毒性;亚慢性毒性试验表明,酸枣仁口服液对血液生化指标的影响是可逆的,连续口服给药较安全。     

阿维菌素对小鼠初级精母细胞致突变性的研究

以小鼠初级精母细胞染色体畸变分析方法研究阿维菌素(Avermectin)对小鼠雄性生殖细胞的诱变性.将昆明系雄性小鼠50只随机分为5组,每组10只,第1-3组为阿维菌素高、中和低剂量组,分别以9.60、4.80和1.92 mg/kg体重(相当于1/2、1/4和1/10 LD50)剂量的阿维菌素与1,2-丙二醇溶液1次灌胃;第4组为阳性对照组,以60 mg/kg体重剂量的环磷酰胺1次腹腔注射;第5组为阴性对照组,仅灌服溶剂.于给药后第12 d和13 d每组取5只小鼠,每只按2mg/kg体重剂量腹腔注射秋水仙素2 h后取材.试验结果表明,无论给药后第12 d和13 d,环磷酰胺阳性对照组与相应阴性对照组相比,其差异均极显著(P＜0.01),阿维菌素高、中和低3个剂量组与相应阴性对照组相比,其差异均不显著(P＞0.05),证明阿维菌素对初级精母细胞不具诱变性.     

青蒿浸膏对昆明小鼠和Wistar大鼠的急性毒性试验

青蒿浸膏为青蒿素提取过程中的初提物,它可以提高动物生长性能和机体免疫力,有抗鸡球虫、杀灭纤毛虫等功效,在畜牧养殖上有广泛的应用前景,然而其毒性大小尚未见报道。本试验采用Bliss法设计,分别对昆明小鼠和Wistar大鼠单次灌胃青蒿浸膏(青蒿素的质量分数为170 g/kg±10 g/kg),测定它对昆明小鼠和Wistar大鼠的半数致死量(LD50)及其95%可信限,分别观察7 d内昆明小鼠和Wistar大鼠的毒性反应和死亡情况,对昆明小鼠和Wistar大鼠分别进行大体解剖和组织病理学检查。结果,各剂量组小鼠均未出现明显的中毒症状,自由活动正常,饮食饮水正常,且无死亡个体;各剂量组雌、雄小鼠的体重也没有显著变化。与小鼠不同,大鼠毒性症状随青蒿浸膏的剂量增加而逐渐加重,4120 mg/kg剂量组仅见自发活动减少;6 460mg/kg和8 080 mg/kg组可见少量个体震颤、强制性-阵挛性抽搐,死亡等症状;10 100 mg/kg剂量组小鼠可见震颤、强制性-阵挛性抽搐、角弓反张、死亡等症状。Wistar大鼠的LD50为7 360 mg/kg,95%的可信限为6 256.38~8 658.82 mg/kg。上述试验结果表明,青蒿浸膏属于无毒物质。     

复方丁氨丙磷溶液对小鼠免疫机能的影响

为研究复方丁氨丙磷溶液对机体免疫机能的影响,将48只小白鼠随机分成阴性对照组、阳性对照组、低剂量给药组和高剂量给药组共4组。连续给药7d后,采用碳廓清法、流式细胞术和分光光度法分别检测各组小鼠单核巨噬细胞吞噬功能、外周血淋巴细胞CD4 、CD8 和CD19 细胞百分含量以及血清溶血素。结果表明,高剂量给药组小鼠吞噬指数显著(P<0.05)高于阴性对照组;各给药组小鼠外周血淋巴细胞CD4 细胞百分率和CD4 /CD8 值均明显(P<0.05)高于阴性对照组,且血清溶血素含量均极显著(P<0.001)高于阴性对照组和阳性对照组。试验结果表明,复方丁氨丙磷溶液是通过增强机体非特异性防御机能和特异性细胞免疫反应以及特异性体液免疫功能来增强机体免疫功能的。     

醋酸镉对大鼠原代肝细胞氧化应激的影响

为研究镉对肝细胞的毒性,用两步灌流法获得大鼠肝细胞,并将其暴露于浓度为2.5、5.0、10.0μmol/L的醋酸镉中12 h,测定了细胞存活率,肝细胞乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)的释放,及细胞内谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、谷胱甘肽-S转移酶(GST)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化.结果表明.细胞存活率显著下降(P<0.01);LDH、ALT和AST的释放量均增加,部分镉剂量组与对照组差异极显著(P<0.01);细胞内GSH含量下降,5.0和10.0 μmol/L剂量组与对照组差异均极显著(P<0.01),GSH-Px、SOD和CAT活性升高,部分剂量组与对照组差异极显著(P<0.01);MDA含量升高,10.0μmol/L剂量组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);其余指标与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05).证实,醋酸镉可致肝细胞损伤,并且氧化应激起了重要作用.     

葛根素对镉致大鼠肝毒性损伤的保护作用

为探究葛根素对镉致大鼠肝毒性损伤的保护作用,将36只雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组,分别为对照组、葛根素组、镉组、镉与葛根素共处理组。葛根素组、镉与葛根素共处理组大鼠以200 mg/kg剂量每日灌服5 g/L羧甲基纤维素钠溶解的葛根素;对照组和镉组大鼠每日灌服相同剂量5 g/L羧甲基纤维素钠;从第15天开始,镉组、镉与葛根素共处理组大鼠在灌胃的同时自由饮用镉水(50 mg/L),持续90 d。试验结束后,剖检采集大鼠肝,测定肝系数,用HE染色观察肝组织病理学变化,用比色法检测肝组织中丙二醛(MDA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性。结果显示:与对照组相比,镉组大鼠肝组织发生明显病理学变化,肝系数和SOD活性极显著降低(P0.01),MDA、GSH含量和CAT、GSH-Px活性极显著升高(P0.01);与镉组相比,镉与葛根素共处理组大鼠肝组织病理学变化减轻,肝系数和SOD活性显著或极显著升高(P0.05或P0.01),MDA、GSH含量和CAT、GSH-Px活性显著或极显著降低(P0.05或P0.01)。结果表明,葛根素对镉所致的大鼠肝毒性损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

The Development of EU-Russian Relations

The EU＇s strategy for Russia since the end of the cold war has to a large extent failed, and the direct consequences are the currently deadlocked EU-Russia relationship. There are three reasons for this： the EU and Russia＇s respective strength and status relative to each other have been changing since the beginning of this century; the EU＇s strategy towards Russia has been more fragmenting in recently years; and the American factor. The EU-Russia relations could continue to be in poor shape in the years to come, and it is very likely sometimes even further worsening. But the two sides would refrain from extreme measures and prevent their relations from sliding into real cold war.     

China＇s Rise vs. International Order Evolution

A heated debate over the rise of China has been going on unabated in the international community for nearly two decades. However, with the elapse of time, the initial divergence of views in the mainstream opinion has gradually diminished and the gap in China policy among nations has likewise narrowed down. Instead, reason and a realistic approach have eventually taken center stare.     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

The Balance Between Coercion and Accommodation

1. Introduction
On the morning of April 1st, 2001, a U.S. EP-3 surveillance aircraft was conducting an intelligence flight along the Chinese territorial border in the airspace south-east of China＇s Hainan Island. Two Chinese fighter jets intercepted the spy plane and followed its flight, as is considered ordinary international practice. For reasons unknown, the EP-3 airplane made a sudden maneuver and crashed into one of the Chinese planes. The Chinese plane dropped into the sea, the pilot missing. The U.S. spy plane was also severely damaged. It intruded into Chinese territorial space and landed on Hainan Island without official permission from the Chinese side. After landing, the spy plane and 24 crew on board were detained by the Chinese authorities. This air collision episode was the first of its kind in the China-U.S. relations and an urgent diplomatic crisis ensued.     

The U. S. Policy toward DPRK: Opportunities and Constraints

布什政府上台以来,始终未能阻止朝鲜拥核步伐.朝核试后,美对朝政策有了新的调整,六方会谈得以复会.但美朝双方受各自国家利益和政策目标的限制,在朝鲜半岛无核化问题上的尖锐分歧难以解决,朝核危机仍存在再度升级的可能.     

Marxist Philosophy vs. International Relations Research in China

This article argues for the confirmation of Marxist philosophy as the ideology that guides international relations （IR） studies in China. Justification comes through the following points. According to Marxism, correct theoretical guidance serves as the prerequisite for correct practice. Marxist philosophy embodies, by nature, righteousness, in opposition to political hegemony. Accordingly, practice under its guidance represents fruitful revolutionary realism. Finally, advanced studies of international relations in this country cannot be separated from philosophical thinking. Using these arguments as background, this article specifically advocates materialism, patriotism, and service to the people as the corner-stone of China＇s IR theory building.     

Excavating Concealed Tradeoffs: How Russians Watch the News

Citizens in democracies are expected to make better decisions if they understand policy tradeoffs. However, politicians rarely have incentives to communicate them; citizens are uncomfortable choosing among valued outcomes; and devising a common metric is difficult. It is not surprising that in the United States the environment provides relatively little cuing or priming of tradeoffs in television news. Russian citizens, on the other hand, face a media environment in which tradeoff cuing is intentionally suppressed by owners' agendas, yet viewers detect concealed tradeoffs even in the absence of tradeoff priming and viewpoint diversity. Analysis of discourse among ordinary Russians in 16 focus groups convened in four cities, differentiated by political reform and media market environments, showed that when watching news in which tradeoffs are thoroughly concealed, viewers challenge stories by offering a broad spectrum of uncued tradeoffs. Tradeoffs come from diverse policy domains and represent a range of cognitive strategies, some of which are considerably more abstract than others and link elements of their observations and assumptions (together with what they can extract from the stories) into complex reasoning outcomes.     

The U.S. Global Strategy as Seen from the Debate in the Primary Election

There may be more than one year to go before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but the primary election of the two parties has already begun ahead of time. Both the Democratic and Republican candidates for the     

中国需要构建怎样的周边(英文)

正The new central leadership has highlighted the strategic importance of better relations with neighboring countries and the construction of a solid foundation for China’s neighborhood strategy so as to create favorable conditions for Chinese development.1China is strengthening top-level strategy in foreign relations,focusing on global-level relations and staying committed to relations     

中巴关系的发展及其认识误区（英文）

China and Brazil established a strategic partnership in 1993. The bilateral ties have seen rapid development in almost all areas. However, there are eight myths surrounding the China-Brazil relations. These myths are the result of a lack of mutual understanding as well as the misconceptions result misconceptions of the western observers and media. These misunderstandings have of have jeopardized images of the China-Brazil relations and also hindered further development of their bilateral relationship.