实施中的“软”“硬”之法:规则的不服从与服从

法律在实施中既有执行软弱的问题,也有执行过于刚硬的问题。如何避免执法者和守法者在服从法律规则上的过于僵硬或机械?主要可从两个方面解决:一是处理好原则与规则的适用关系。当规则与原则一致时,先适用具体的规则;当规则与原则不一致时,应优先适用原则。二是公民的抵抗权问题。法律应赋予公民出于道德良知的判断(或特殊行业的执业者出于职业道德)而故意违反现行法律规定的权利。总之,法制应该具有"温情"的一面。     

藏族习惯法司法适用的方式和程序研究——以四川省甘孜州地区的藏族习惯法为例

藏族习惯法是从藏族原始社会的习惯、禁忌、图腾崇拜及特定的宗教信仰发展衍生而来的一种行为规范,它是指藏民在日常生活中加以确认或制定,并通过部落组织赋予其强制力或法律效力,由藏区各部落强制保证实施并靠盟誓约定的方式调解部落内外关系的具有法律效力的社会规范。在四川省甘孜州地区,藏族习惯法在司法审判中仍然发挥其作用。我们应发挥其积极作用,限制其消极作用。     

军事法与军事伦理关系初探

军事伦理和军事法作为上层建筑的成分,都是对军事行为加以规范、控制,并通过规范、控制军事行为来调整军事社会关系。虽然二者之间存在诸多区别,但并非各自属于相互排斥的独立系统,而是客观地存在着一种相互依存、互相渗透的关系。军事法对军事伦理道德起着保护的作用,并促进其发展;军事伦理规范对军事法律制度则是一种重要的补充力量,对军事法的实施起着辅助的作用,对培养和影响军事主体对其现行军事法律制度采取什么态度有着重要的意义。     

On National Courts, European Law and Constitutions: Dialogue and Conflict

Books reviewed in this article:
A.-M. Slaughter, A. Stone Sweet, J.H.H. Weiler (eds), Legal Change in Its Social Context     

Genetic citizenship: DNA testing and the Israeli Law of Return

The Israeli State recently announced that it may begin to use genetic tests to determine whether potential immigrants are Jewish or not. This development would demand a rethinking of Israeli law on the issue of the definition of Jewishness. In this article, we discuss the historical and legal context of secular and religious definitions of Jewishness and rights to immigration in the State of Israel. We give a brief overview of different ways in which genes have been regarded as Jewish, and we discuss the relationship between this new use of genetics and the society with which it is co-produced. In conclusion, we raise several questions about future potential impacts of Jewish genetics on Israeli law and society.     

Military government, political control and crime: The case of Israeli Arabs

This paper deals with the different methods used to control the Israeli Arab population during the military government (1948–1966). I have sought to expand the standard conceptual framework that serves most criminologists in Israel, and discuss the broader context in which the political control of the Arab population took place. It is vital to consider this context because a significant amount of criminality among the Arab population was an outcome of the political control imposed upon it. The principal goal of the analysis is to clarify the ways in which the political control influenced the criminal process, and to point out to the theoretical and empirical importance of the links between politics and crime, when discussing crime amongst the Arab minority in Israel.     

公诉人的诉讼地位探析——兼评检察机关对法院的审判监督

我国已确定控辩式为刑事庭审方式改革的方向和目标。伴随着庭审结构发生的变化,公诉人诉讼地位必须作出如下调整:转变为当事人一方,尊重与维护法官的裁判者权威;与被告人作为平等的诉讼主体出现在法庭审理中;与辩护律师之间的关系应当表现为平等武装理念下的对抗、合作关系;与被害人成为目标与利益一致的控方组合,并在这一组合关系中发挥主导作用。重塑公诉人诉讼地位的另一核心要旨在于摒弃法律监督观念,明确公诉人的当事人地位,实现“法律监督”职能的程序化回归。     

International Law in the Courts of the Russian Federation: Practice of Application

This paper analyses the practice of the Courts of the RussianFederation in applying the rules of International Law in theperiod following acceptance of the Constitution of the RussianFederation (1993). The present constitution and the new federallegislation regulate the relevance of International and RussianLaw much differently than they did before. Accordingly, judiciarypractice is developing in a new way. Despite the massive bodyof laws and regulations, there are no precise reference pointsand answers in the legislation to practically important questionsof correct application of the international treaties and generallyrecognized rules. This is one of the reasons why judiciary practiceis developing inconsistently, and the application of InternationalLaw is often incorrect or even wrong. Not all of the internationalnorms are applicable, and not all of the treaties have priorityover laws. There are certain legal conditions for the applicationof international treaties, conditions for when they prevailover laws, and also there is a procedure of application whichshould be observed by Courts trying particular cases. Althoughone can speak of many contradictions, it is wise to take noteof the tendency in judiciary practice to co-ordinated applicationof international and Russian law.     

Taking Disagreement Seriously: Courts, Legislatures and the Reform of Tort Law

This article explores the relevance of disagreement about valuesand about the functions and effects of law to debates concerningthe appropriate relationship between courts and legislatures,common law and statute. Recent developments in tort law providea context for the discussion. The argument is that in general,political processes of law-making should be preferred judicialprocesses.     

European Standards for the Rule of Law and Independent Courts

Independent adjudication as a cornerstone of the rule of law has attracted increasing attention at the European level over the past decades. Despite its general recognition in various international legal instruments there is, however, an ongoing search for its concrete meaning. Recent documents adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe (CoE) have tried to specify standards for the organization of judicial administration. Unfortunately, however, some of these documents exhibit flaws and misconceptions in the conceptualization of judicial independence. This article identifies these imperfections and argues that future standardsetting on judicial independence in Europe should direct more attention to comparative constitutional analysis and to experience gained in the course of judicial reforms in the Council of Europe's member states. It advocates a less rigid approach to structural issues and concludes with recommendations for future Council of Europe initiatives.     

论公民不服从——兼论群体性事件的解决思路

近年来,群体性事件频繁发生,仅以政治手段化解危机的方式已不足以应对,有必要秉持政治性向法理性的转向,重新审视群体性事件的内涵和定位,寻找适合于解决问题的理论和思路.公民不服从与群体性事件在特征上具有近似性,但因其概念、逻辑前提和理论基础植根于西方传统,在当下中国缺乏实现的条件.尽管如此,公民不服从与群体性事件都具有一定的法治意义以及面临着相同的问题,公民不服从理论仍可为群体性事件的未来发展趋势提供一定的指引.