Political Alliances and Parliamentary Opposition Post-Apartheid South Africa

Author: MULÉ, ROSA; Political Parties, Games and Redistribution; Reviewer: John Hart; Author: LEUNG, S.K.; Politics and Human Nature: The Ideological Rooting of the Left; Reviewer: Steve Buckler; Editor: MACEDO, STEPHEN; Deliberative Politics: Essays on Democracy and Disagreement; Reviewer: Rodney Barker; Author: KYMLICKA, W.; Politics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Citizenship; Reviewer: Derek Bell; Editors: KYMLICKA, W. and NORMAN, W.; Citizenship in Diverse Societies; Reviewer: Derek Bell; Author: STEPAN, ALFRED; Arguing Comparative Politics; Reviewer: Ingrid van Biezen; Editors: CLARK, ANNA and RICHARDSON, SARAH; History of Suffrage 1760-1867; Reviewer: Jane Rendall; Editors: DE BRITO, ALEXANDRA BARAHONA, GONZÁLEZ-ENRÍQUEZ, CARMEN and AGUILAR, PALOMA; The Politics of Memory. Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies; Reviewer: Arturo Álvarez Rosete; Author: MAYALL, JAMES; World Politics: Progress and its Limits; Reviewer: Michael McKinley; Editors: OTTAWAY, MARINA and CAROTHERS, THOMAS; Funding Virtue; Reviewer: Peter Burnell; Author: HERO, RODNEY E.; Faces of Inequality: Social Diversity in American Politics; Reviewer: Andrew Johnstone; Author: MANFREDI, CHRISTOPHER P.; Judicial Power and the Charter: Canada and the Paradox of Liberal Constitutionalism; Reviewer: Stephen Brooks; Author: PINDER, JOHN; The European Union: A Very Short Introduction; Reviewer: Donatella M. Viola; Author: LAFONTAINE, OSKAR; The Heart Beats on the Left; Reviewer: Robert Grant; Author: BOSCO, A.; Comunisti: Trasformazioni di Partito in Italia, Spagna e Portogallo; Reviewer: Richard Dunphy; Author: NEWELL, JAMES L.; Parties and Democracy in Italy; Reviewer: Dermot McCann; Author: TEMPLE, MICHAEL; How Britain Works: From Ideology to Output Politics; Reviewer: Peter Dorey; Author: EKIERT, GRZEGORZ and KUBIK, JAN; Rebellious Civil Society: Popular Protest and Democratic Consolidation in Poland, 1989-1993; Reviewer: Pieter Vanhuysse; Editor: ISHAM, HEYWARD; Russia's Fate through Russian Eyes - Voices of the New Generation; Reviewer: Julian Birch; Author: MOSER, ROBERT G.; Unexpected Outcomes - Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Representation in Russia; Reviewer: Julian Birch; Author: HUANG, JING; Factionalism in Chinese Communist Politics; Reviewer: Chris Bramall; Editors: JOHNSON, R.W. and WELSH, DAVID; Ironic Victory: Liberalism in post-liberation South AfricaReviewer: Heather Deegan; Author: HODGES, TONY; Angola From Afro-Stalinism to Petro-Diamond Capitalism; Reviewer: Nana Poku; Editors: TOGGIA, PIETRO, LAUDERDALE, PAT and ZEGEYE, ABEDE; Crisis and Terror in the Horn of Africa: Autopsy of Democracy, Human Rights and Freedom; Reviewer: Peter Woodward; Author: LEFTWICH, ADRIAN; States of Development. On the Primacy of Politics in Development; Reviewer: Jeffrey Haynes     

Metaphors and Mantras: a comment on Shultz and Vogt's discussion of terrorism,intelligence, and war

Author: HOUGHTON, DAVID PATRICK; US Foreign Policy and the Iran Hostage Crisis; Reviewer: Gabriel Ben-dor; Author: MALCOLM, NOEL; Kosovo: A Short History; Reviewer: Robert P. Hager; Author: HATINA, MEIR; Islam and Salvation in Palestine: The Islamic Jihad Movement; Reviewer: Ami Pedahzur; Author: WHITE, JONATHAN R.; Terrorism - An Introduction; Reviewer: Ami Pedahzur; Author: CABRITA, JOAO M.; Mozambique: The Tortuous Road to Democracy; Reviewer: E. Ike Udogu     

The Sources of US Conduct

Author: TRUBOWITZ, PETER, Defining the National Interest: Conflict and Change in American Foreign Policy; Editors: TRUBOWITZ, PETER, Emily O. Goldman and Edward Rhodes, The Politics of Strategic Adjustment: Ideas, Institutions, and Interests; Author: ZAKARIA, FAREED, From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America's World Role     

日本道德教育论析

日本历来重视道德教育 ,这是其创造经济迅速发展奇迹的重要因素之一。日本道德教育具有鲜明的特征 ,教育的形式、途径多种多样。我国在现代化快速发展的今天 ,借鉴日本道德教育的经验 ,发展道德教育思想很有必要     

Books reviews

Jeffrey Kaplan and Leonard Weinberg, The Emergence of a Euro‐American Radical Right, New Brunswick, NJ and London: Rutgers University Press, 1998. Pp.248. $52 (cloth); $22 (paper). ISBN 0 8135 2563 2 (cloth); 0 8135 2564 0 (paper).

Chuka Onwumechili, African Democratization and Military Coups, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1998. Pp.121. $49.95 (cloth). ISBN 0–275–96325‐X.

R. Falkenrath, R. Newman and B. Thayer, America's Achilles’ Heel: Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Terrorism and Covert Attack, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998. $22.50. ISBN 0–262–56118–2.     

约翰逊政府的对印尼政策（1964—1965年）

美国对印尼政策历来缺乏一个稳定的基础。如何判断苏加诺政权的性质并据此制订美国的政策,始终是困扰美国决策者的一大难题。进入1960年代后,高度紧张的地区局势与苏加诺激进政策更是构成了对约翰逊政府政治与决策资源的挑战。美国对苏加诺政权性质和对外政策意图判断的演变,是促成约翰逊政府改变对印尼政策的重要环节。这一认知过程大致经历了三个阶段:苏加诺间接挑战了美国在东南亚的利益;苏加诺蓄意采取了与美国为敌的政策;苏加诺与共产党国家结成了针对美国的政治联盟。美国的政策也相应由促成印尼与西方国家关系的缓和转向削弱苏加诺政权政治统治的基础。     

美国因素和1962年《日内瓦协议》以后老挝内战的重启

日内瓦协议签署以后，美国并没有停止对老挝事务的干涉。美国政府在继续援助老挝反共力量的同时，进一步采取了促进老挝中立派与右派势力合作的战略。美国对日内瓦协议的公然违背造成了老挝政治力量的再次分化与重组。老挝再次陷人内战的同时，美国也对老挝事务进行了直接的军事干涉，使老挝最终成为越南战争的真正战场。     

Master of the Game: The Relationship between the United States and Iran Revisited, 1969-1972

ABSTRACT

How and why did the Richard Nixon Administration end up with an Iran policy more in line with the preferences of the Shah of Iran than of the United States? At its onset, the Administration did not have a clearly defined or formalised Persian Gulf policy. Attempts to create over-arching guidelines regarding American conduct toward Iran were of little consequence, as the pro-Iranian inclinations of leading decision-makers led to day-to-day decisions that strongly favoured the Shah. This limited room for manoeuvre amounted to little more than acceptance of what was already established procedure. The Shah’s strenuous lobbying of American decision-makers, using their common Cold War considerations to his advantage and the effective sidelining of critical voices within the Nixon Administration, explain this outcome.     

Selling the 'Decent interval': Kissinger,triangular diplomacy,and the end of the Vietnam war, 1971-73

With the help of recently declassified documents, this article examines the link between triangular diplomacy and the Vietnam War. It argues that from the summer of 1971 to the conclusion of the Paris Agreements in January 1973 Kissinger tried to 'sell' a peace agreement to his Soviet and Chinese inter locutors by stressing the American willingness to accept a 'decent interval' solution: that is, the United States would not reenter the war provided that the collapse of the South Vietnamese goverment did not occur immediately after the last US ground troops returned home. While such a posture played a significant role in increasing Sino-Soviet pressure towards a negotiated settlement, Kissinger's policy also served to bolster the subsequent competition between Moscow and Beijing over influence in Indochina.     

Norway,Spitsbergen, and America, 1905-1920

In the Spitsbergen treaty of 1920, Norway acquired sovereignty over the Spitsbergen Islands. Rather than Woodrow Wilson, the American president, the architects behind the treaty were Robert Lansing, Wilson’s secretary of state, and, behind the diplomatic scene, the mining investor, John M. Longyear. In 1906, Longyear established a mining company to exploit the coal deposits at Spitsbergen. He induced Congress, the State Department, and the White House to forge an American policy for the European Arctic, including the appointment of Lansing, an international lawyer, as a counsel in the State Department. Lansing was a leading expert on both international law and the lack of state authority at the terra nullius, Spitsbergen. In 1915, he became secretary of State and, at the Paris Peace Conference, decided American policy regarding the Spitsbergen question. This analysis shows how the outcome of the Spitsbergen question was a result of American mining interests, supplemented by Norwegian-American shared interests in conflict resolution based on international law.     

Diversionary cheap talk: economic conditions and US foreign policy rhetoric, 1945-2010

ABSTRACT

This study explains how the economy affects the foreign policy rhetoric used by American presidents. When economic conditions deteriorate, presidents criticize foreign nations to boost their approval ratings. Presidents use this “diversionary cheap talk” in response to the misery index of unemployment plus inflation, which poses a unique threat to their popularity. They target historical rivals, which make intergroup distinctions most salient. Diversionary cheap talk is most influential for and most frequently used by Democratic presidents, whose non-core constituents prefer hawkish foreign policy but already expect it from Republican presidents. I test the observable implications of the theory with the American Diplomacy Dataset, an original record of 50,000 American foreign policy events between 1851 and 2010 drawn from a corpus of 1.3 million New York Times articles.     

Successful developments in the third world: the facts

A survey of the substantial progress by the Third World in the education, health, and life expectancy of its people includes statistics for countries in Africa; Latin America; Asia; Europe; Oceania; and the U.S.S.R.; on increasing literacy; school enrollment; reduction of illiteracy; expectation of life at birth 1950-1975; mortality rates; improved health standards; and beter sanitation.     

Balancing against threats or bandwagoning with power? Europe and the transatlantic relationship after the Cold War

The United States has played an important role in European security since the early 20^th century. From the time of the end of the Cold War, this role has changed as a consequence of the lack of a common territorial threat and the overwhelming power of the United States relative to Europe. How have European states responded to the challenges of the American world order? Are they adapting their security policies to match the challenges of US security policy and the American world order? What are the implications of the European response for the transatlantic relationship? This article seeks to describe and explain European security behaviour in the American world through the prism of two realist theories: balance of power realism and balance of threat realism. Despite sharing a common starting point in realist assumptions, each theory allows us to tell a different story about Europe's position in the American world order as well as the opportunities and challenges it faces.     

The Cold War and European integration, 1947-63

The author discusses the impact the Cold War had on European Integration and, in particular, on the American efforts in support of that initiative. He shows that the perceived Communist threat was an important but not the only motivating force behind America's endorsement of a unified Europe. The other motif he singles out independently of, although not unrelated to, the Cold War was the American aim to contain a renascent Germany. It was this purpose, he maintains, that determined the American long-term option for a supranational structure for an integrated Europe after the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany.     

Lincoln's Gamble: Fear of Intervention and the Onset of the American Civil War

Few studies consider how civil war onset can be influenced by third parties and by the belligerents’ perceptions of third party actions. I show that the American Civil War, a war largely ignored by civil war scholars, sheds insights into how anticipation of third party intervention influences the decision-making process within the target state and how the possibility of third party intervention can influence the onset and escalation of civil war. The American Civil War is an especially interesting case for exploring the role of third parties in civil war initiation since, unlike most cases considered by the existing civil war literature, the American Civil War is an instance of nonintervention: the third parties (the European powers in this case) mattered despite staying out of the conflict. Specifically, I argue that fear of foreign recognition (particularly by the British) played an underappreciated (if not the decisive) role in the earliest stages of the American Civil War by influencing Lincoln's decision to authorize the first major battle of the war at Manassas Junction, Virginia.     

Partisan Conflict Over Grand Strategy in Eastern Europe, 2014-2017

How should foreign policy analysts understand the American response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2014? Despite widespread bipartisan recognition that Eastern European states, from the Baltic States to the Black Sea, were experiencing their most severe crisis since at least the end of the Cold War, the United States responded with little military support to the region. Even though all sides agreed on the need for a larger response, the tepid reaction to the Russian invasion was due to the partisan divide over the means of addressing the issue. This divide foreclosed the two main options for the President: a redeployment of forces from the United States or a larger military and budget. This disagreement over the means, rather than the ends, counter intuitively prevented a response for which both parties expressed support.

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Anglo-American Competition in Central America, 1905-13: The Role of Sir Lionel Carden

Lionel Carden's years as a senior diplomat coincided with the rise of American power in, and Great Britain's strategic disengagement from, the Caribbean region. This changing order naturally gave rise to complications: Great Britain had extensive economic interests in the region, and diplomatic personnel - Carden in particular - endeavoured to protect these interests while at the same time the Foreign Office sought to maintain a good relationship with the United States. Carden's vigorous defence of British economic interests in Central America earned him the reputation in Washington of being 'anti-American'. Carden, however, was most likely acting as a 'buffer' to deflect criticism from policy makers at home.     

Eisenhower, the British and the security of Hong Kong, 1953-60

This article is an examination of Hong Kong's importance within British-American security arrangements in the Far East during the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Archival evidence indicates that the Eisenhower Administration accepted a greater deal of commitment to the defence of Hong Kong during the 1950s — a period of significant hostility between the United States and the People's Republic of China. To understand this policy evolution in the broader context, this study evaluates the differences in British and American attitudes towards China during the 1950s and the effect of this on US policy towards Hong Kong.     

Parallels with the Past - How the Soviets Lost in Afghanistan, How the Americans are Losing

This article assesses seven startling and unsettling similarities between Soviet strategies and tactics in Afghanistan during their Afghan war of 1979-1989 and American coalition strategies and tactics in Afghanistan since October 2001. It concludes with the implications of this dynamic. In particular, the similarities between Soviet and U.S. approaches to Afghanistan that focus on key population centers, reconciliation/reintegration, and the development of “Afghan” solutions to a variety of security concerns are extremely disturbing and, we believe, should be the focus of national attention and debate.     

“美国新经济与中美关系”研讨会发言摘要── 美国新经济是另一个神话吗?

由吉林省美国经济学会、吉林大学经济管理学院国际经济系共同主办的“美国新经济与中美关系”研讨会于１９９９年１１月 ６日在长春举行。研究美国及亚太问题的在长专家学者３０人参加了会议。代表们主要就美国新经济的产生、发展和变化的特点及当前中美关系的走势,影响双边关系的因素以及中国加入世贸组织后中美贸易关系的变化等进行了深入的研究和探讨。现将部分专家学者的发言摘要刊登如下。