创建“养护者受益”环保法基本原则

“公地的悲剧”自英国的“圈地运动”始得以有效遏制,而保持公地基本制度下的环境保护也仍然在赋予公民无可辩驳的义务与责任之中持续着各种形式的环保投资,可实践证明形式的多样性和不啬资财并未能有效地阻止自然生态环境的持续恶化。究其根源,无不与公地基本制度和法律层面除私有化之外,一直没有公地独特的接纳或认可私权内在的权义对等所需求的基本原则和制度有关。在市场经济条件下,承认并保护公地之上私人为环保所付出劳动和养护投入所获得的权益至关重要,为此,拟创设“养护者受益”环保法基本原则,来弥补公地自然生态环境保护忽视私权关怀之严重缺陷,以期阻止“公地的悲剧”的延续。     

对在我国民事诉讼法中确立诚实信用原则的思考

诚实信用原则乃道德规范,在我国民事诉讼法中是否适用诚实信用原则存有两种不同的主张。基于诚信契约和诚信诉讼的渊源及目前我国因不诚信行为所带来的危害现实,笔者认为应在民事诉讼法中确立诚实信用原则,通过设置的法律责任实现对不诚信行为的惩罚、救济和预防。     

国际私法中的比较法学派:从实然走向应然

比较法学派是国际私法中继普遍主义与特殊主义学派之后的第三大学派。比较法学派的科学立场和研究方法使它既避免了普遍主义学派的那种脱离现实中的各个国家的法律制度而在抽象的真空中进行理论推测的不足,也避免了特殊主义学派的那种仅仅站在本国立场上,对先前国内司法判例和个别法官观点进行纯粹实证主义分析的缺陷。因此,比较法学派客观地认识到了国际私法的实然性与应然性之间的矛盾,并以化解这一矛盾为契机,促使国际私法从实然走向应然,使之成为沟通普遍主义与特殊主义的一座桥梁。     

政府法治化与政府职能“错位”、“越位”、“缺位”现象的治理

政府职能作为政府专有的职责和作用,体现了国家行政管理活动的实质与方向,是政府活动的综合描述。但处于转型时期的我国政府职能还带有浓厚的计划经济色彩,存在着“错位”、“越位”和“缺位”现象,阻碍着政府功能的有效发挥,影响着经济与社会的快速发展。目前,我国的行政体制改革应注重创新政府行政理念,重塑政府角色,转变不合时宜的政府职能,使我国政府早日成为务实、勤政、廉洁、高效的现代化政府。     

It is Just Good Business: The Case for Supporting Reform in Divorce Court

This article examines the ways in which divorce and child custody proceedings can impact employee productivity and suggests that it behooves businesses to become involved in supporting efforts to improve the process—both as a matter of community service and because it can impact their bottom line. This article further outlines some improvements that are being implemented or considered in various jurisdictions.

Key Points for the Family Court Community
• Divorce does not just impact the parties and their children. It also impacts the work productivity of the individuals involved.
• The population of individuals seeking court involvement in child custody issues has changed, and new processes must be developed to address their needs.
• There are new ideas about how to restructure the divorce process in ways that could benefit both the individuals and their employers.

     

Nation as Partnership: Law, "Race," and Gender in Aotearoa New Zealand's Treaty Settlements

This article uses postcolonial theory to analyze the dynamic convergence of two significant international trends in Aotearoa New Zealand: the movement for reparations for historical colonial injustices, and the economic reform process known as “structural adjustment,” or Reaganomics in the United States, which was intended to produce a competitive nation of individual entrepreneurs. It argues that analysis of the interrelationships of law, “race,” gender, and nation in this convergence illuminates the reproduction and reshaping of colonial tropes, or historical racial configurations produced through colonization, in these current trends. In Aotearoa New Zealand, claims by indigenous Maori activists for self‐determination and redress of historical injustices spurred the emergence of alternative imagined communities with the potential to transform the nation. These alternative visions for the nation were shaped and limited by the economic law and policy reform of structural adjustment, producing a new official nationalism of partnership, implemented in settlements of breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi 1840. These partnerships resulted in a new individual identity of Maori men as entrepreneurs in a competitive nation. It produced a symbolic alliance of men across race that silenced and erased Maori activists' demands, and the leadership of Maori women, at the national level. The high profile partnerships, the erasure of Maori women, and relentless media attention to claims of sexism in Maori culture reproduced colonial tropes with images of the “progress” of the partnerships “saving” brown women from the sexism of brown men and “traditional” cultures. In this complex process the settlements were rational exercises of agency by the new Maori entrepreneurs with the goal of achieving economic autonomy, and worked to silence and erase the leadership of Maori women at the national level, even while women continued to be recognized as leaders at the local and regional levels. This analysis suggests that realization of the transformative potential of claims for redress of historical racial injustices requires attention to the repetition of raced and gendered dynamics of imagined communities that shape and limit that potential.     

行政法上之诚信原则刍议

诚信原则虽首见于民法典 ,但也适用于行政法之中 ,而其理论根据 ,则在于政府与人民宪法上之委托关系。诚信原则是行政法之最高形式原则 ,法律保留原则、法律优先原则、比例原则、信赖保护原则等皆源自于诚信原则。在行政程序法中明确规定诚信原则 ,既有利于确立行政法上的衡平制度 ,也有利于推进诚信政府之建立。     

我国地方立法规定好撒马利亚人法的可行性——兼论我国民法典对好撒马利亚人法规则的完善

好撒马利亚人法是国外对保护善意救助者法律的统称,主要包括救助者的救助义务、责任豁免、请求权三方面的内容.我国民法将其称为见义勇为,并将其性质界定为无因管理.我国民事法律体系中欠缺救助者对被救助者损害赔偿责任减轻的规定,应当借鉴国外好撒马利亚人责任豁免的基本规则,将救助者的侵权责任限制在故意和重大过失,且一般过失不承担责任.现阶段地方性法规作为好撒马利亚人法中国化的率先途径,有权规定救助者对被救助者造成损害的责任豁免,为未来我国民法典在无因管理制度中规定紧急无因管理从而实现好撒马利亚人法的全面中国化积累经验.通过解决救助者、被救助者以及其他人之间侵权责任承担的问题,实现好撒马利亚人法在民事法律体系内部的协调.     

作为一种"国家法与非国家法多元互动"的全球化进程——对"法律全球化"争辩的中立性批判

中国法学界的"全球化论辩"可以从"肯定"与"否定"这两种态度加以分析。以"国际化"与"全球化"的区分为参照性判准,可以发现,"反法律全球化"论者与对"法律全球化"持肯定态度中的"唯法律全球化"论者其实都处在着同"去国家化"相关的"法律一元论"这一层面上,只不过前者主张的是"国家法律一元论",而后者主张的是"非国家法律一元论"。"法律全球化"是一种在全球层面上展开的包含"法律国际化"的进程,是一种从"国家法律一元论"走向"国家与非国家法律多元论"的开放性进程。中国法学论者之所以尊奉"法律一元论",实是因为教条性地尊奉"法律的唯国家意志论"与"经济基础决定上层建筑"这两个经典论说的结果。     

Michigan's Minority Graduates in Practice: The River Runs Through Law School

This paper reports the results of a 1997-98 survey designed to explore the careers of the University of Michigan Law School's minority graduates from the classes of 1970 through 1996, and of a random sample of Michigan Law School's white alumni who graduated during the same years. It is to date the most detailed quantitative exploration of how minority students fare after they graduate from law school and enter law practice or related careers. The results reveal that almost all of Michigan Law School's minority graduates pass a bar exam and go on to have careers that appear successful by conventional measures. In particular, the survey indicates that minority graduates (defined so as to include graduates with African American, Latino, and Native American backgrounds) are no less successful than white graduates, whether success is measured by the log of current income, self-reported satisfaction, or an index of service contributions. Also, although an admissions index that combines LSAT scores and undergraduate grade-point average is a significant predictor of law school grades, it does not predict career success on any of our three outcome measures. Michigan is a highly selective law school; our results may not generalize to people who have graduated from other law schools.     

刑法中的"犯罪分子"应该修改

"犯罪分子"这一用语在97刑法条文中使用共计达51处,并且大致是在三种不同意义上使用;这一用语存在与我国刑事诉讼法所贯彻的无罪推定理念相冲突,与犯罪人是人的这一现代刑罚观念不和谐,与刑法内部的相关规定不协调等方面的缺陷;根据其使用不同情况,可分别修改为"行为人"、"人"、"罪犯"和"犯罪的人".     

“国家—社会”框架与中国法学——以“国家法与民间法”研究为切入点

中国法学研究中广泛运用"国家—社会"这一分析框架具有重要的意义,中国法学界目前主要是利用这一框架进行范例研究,论者试图通过这种范例的研究对该框架的效力进行证明,并在打通市民社会两个层面的基础上,在渐进的过程中构建起中国的市民社会或者为实现现代化法治进行论证。"国家法与民间法"研究是中国法学运用"国家—社会"框架取得成果颇多的领域。法学界在运用这一框架时并未保持必要的警醒,对该框架的理论前提或预设很少质疑,而对于框架的作用和限度也没有深刻的把握。站在反思和批判的立场对中国法学研究中的"国家—社会"框架的作用和限度以及相关研究进行检视,并对这一框架背后的理念支撑进行分析,这或许是推进相关研究的一种可能的方向。     

Computerizing Client Services in the Law School Teaching Clinic: An Experiment in Law Office Automation

In an earlier article (1979 American Bar Foundation Research Journal 1), James A. Sprowl described a new computational processor that enabled attorneys to automate repetitive client-interviewing and document-drafting tasks. In this article, Sprowl and coauthor Ronald W. Staudt describe the first experimental use of the new processor to serve the clients of a law school clinic. In the experiment attorneys and secretaries were trained to design automated practice systems. The authors analyze the results of this experiment and draw some preliminary conclusions about the future usefulness of automated law practice systems.