略论中国内地的知识产权刑法保护

知识产权对世界各国发展具有重要意义,对其进行刑法保护乃国际趋势。在中国内地,对知识产权进行刑法保护是由刑法的保障法功能、刑法追求的公正价值以及WTO的游戏规则决定的。中国知识产权的刑事立法取得了令人瞩目的成果。中国内地刑事法律规定了知识产权个罪的犯罪构成,规定了罚金刑和自由刑结合的刑罚手段及公诉与自诉结合的起诉方式。尽管知识产权刑法保护取得了长足进步,但立法方面尚有待进一步完善。     

法律论证中的逻辑理性

法律论证中的逻辑理性,是指追问以及追求法律的逻辑性或法律在逻辑上的合理性。逻辑理性在法律论证中有重要的作用,它既可以为法律思维提供基本的思维框架和模式,具有建构性功能;也可以为法律论证提供公正的平台。但是,逻辑理性在法律论证中也有一些局限性,这说明在法律论证中,只有逻辑理性是不够的：还需要实践理性和价值理性的补充。它们三者既有联系又有区别,它们的关系体现了合理与合法的关系,其有机统一对构建以法治为基础的和谐社会有积极的意义。     

不同侵权责任承担方式的构成要件

传统民法的侵权责任的一般构成要件是仅针对侵权损害赔偿责任来构建的,而我国现行民法的侵权责任的承担方式并不限于损害赔偿,侵权责任保护客体并不仅限于绝对权,因此,针对不同的侵权责任承担方式其归责原则与损害是否发生等构成要件应不相同;基于同一种侵权责任承担方式如果侵权责任保护对象不同,侵权责任的构成要件也不相同.重新认识侵权责任的构成要件无疑对民法规则的设计和适用将产生实际的意义和价值.     

Education cooperation in the European Union at the threshold of the New Millenium

The principles of ‘double relevance’ and ‘user-friendliness’ are seen as being essential for the implementation of the EU education programmes SOCRATES II and LEONARDO da VINCI II. Against the background of the acquis in EU education cooperation two points are explored: a) the articles of the Treaty are not fully used, and b) the framework set is increasingly proving to be too restrictive. The Luxemburg process and the Bologna conference are the reason for the second point. The opinion is put forward that the exchanges of students and teachers and the information exchange can be further europeanized and, eventually, be organized in permanent European structures. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Traumatology of the traffic accident--dead people for the safety in traffic

Since 1970, traumatomechanics has been a focal point in research at the Institute for Legal Medicine and Traffic Medicine in Heidelberg. Here, the main topics are the understanding of the interrelation between mechanical strain and the resulting degree of injury; at the forefront of all interest is the determination of the mechanical resilience in humans, their organs and tissues. Important are not only the means, but likewise the individual strain tolerance and the causes for its variability. Their understanding leads to scientifically justifiable expert's reports. In safety research, these data are of major importance for the validation of crash-dummies and for the improvement of safety protection systems. Before this background, national and international institutions have supported numerous projects. With the help of 2 examples, the Thorax-Trauma-Index (TTI) and the synergy between safety belt and airbag, the relevance of these data for international regulatory provisions and the progress in safety practice are illustrated. Some traumatomechanical insights can only be gathered from human corpses. Legal prerequisites and ethical problems of experiments with corpses are discussed.     

论改进党的执政方式

中国共产党是世界上最大的执政党,肩负着领导全中国人民建设有中国特色社会主义的神圣使命。要把坚持执政为民这个本质落到实处,把一个有12多亿人口的大国领导好、治理好,没有很高的领导水平和执政能力是不能胜任的。党的领导水平和执政能力既取决于党的理论路线方针政策,也与党的执政方式有着直接的联系。     

司法独立和新闻自由

司法独立与新闻自由是民主社会最弥足珍贵的两大价值。尽管在应然层面,这两大价值是相互促进与统一的,但在现实中,不同的主体依据不同的价值取向在两者之间的选择导致了冲突。本文以促进司法独立与新闻自由的良性互动的应然关系为主旨,首先,界定了新闻自由的内涵并从多个角度探究了新闻自由存在的理论基础;其次,总结了新闻自由在司法领域内行使的法律及理论依据,再次主要以美国的相关司法实践为基础,研究了新闻自由与司法独立之间冲突的表现及发展;最后,本文立足于中国的国情和现状,提供了认定新闻自由不当行使的标准及司法对策。     

试论网络知识产权犯罪中的审判管辖制度

快速发展的信息技术为人类在现实世界之外,创建起一个复杂多变的虚拟世界,即网络空间.而网络空间内所发生的侵犯知识产权犯罪以其所具有的异于传统侵犯知识产权犯罪的隐匿性、复杂性、智能化等特性,给我国刑事诉讼中传统的审判管辖制度造成了很大的障碍和困难,亟待学界进行深入研究以创建合理的解决机制.     

民法典中介合同的变革与理解——以委托合同与中介合同的参照适用关系为切入点

《民法典》中介合同章较之《合同法》居间合同章,增加了两个关键性的条文,并修改了个别条文的表述。中介合同参照适用委托合同规则的导入及其解读,与中介合同和委托合同内在关系定位密切相关。中介合同有别于委托合同,委托合同的规定并非全部可以"参照适用",应当根据中介合同的性质逐一分析判断。中介合同"禁止跳单"规则的导入,会与委托合同任意解除权制度的参照适用发生交错,面临报酬请求权构成抑或损害赔偿请求权构成之争。但即使可以参照适用委托合同任意解除,任意解除中介合同时可以肯定报酬请求权的,也仅仅限于构成"跳单"的情形,而不是所有的情形。     

民事再审程序提起主体制度之改造

我国现行民事再审程序存在许多缺陷和不足,通过对提起民事再审程序的主体制度进行反思,提出了完善提起主体制度的建议:取消人民法院依职权提起再审程序;人民检察院只能就特定案件提起再审程序;确立再审之诉制度。     

The status of the forensic biological service in the Russian Federation in 1997]

The main parameters of the activities of forensic biological departments are analyzed for the year 1997. The staff, number of experts, number of expert evaluations and objects of examination, and work load per staff expert are presented. Shortcomings in the activities of departments are enumerated and recommendations for improving the quality of expert evaluations are offered.     

A model for ranking the punitiveness of the states

There has recently been much interest in the measurement of imprisonment rates. Since this variable has such widespread importance in criminological research and policy, new methods are called for in expanding the procedures for evaluating levels of punitiveness as indicated by imprisonment rates. This paper presents a new model using logarithmic transformations to develop a system for ranking the punitiveness of the states. Comparisons are made between different approaches to specifying imprisonment rates including controls for crime rates and arrest rates. Results of the analyses indicate that the use of this model generates somewhat different rankings of punitiveness compared with those based on sample imprisonment rates or prisoner/arrest ratios.     

家事诉讼与儿童利益保护

儿童利益是一种身份利益,具有显著的公益性,国家与社会必须给予特殊保护。涉及儿童的家事审判要遵循儿童利益最大化、儿童参与以及儿童优先保护等原则。从我国家事审判立法看,涉及儿童利益保护的规定散见于诸多的法律、司法解释以及政策性文件中,这些规定尽管为家事司法提供了基本的依据,但缺憾亦非常明显,表现为没有上位法的原则性规定,没有形成体系完整、结构合理的专门制度,部分立法规范前后矛盾,缺乏科学性和严谨性,缺乏实现儿童利益最大化的具体程序和相关配套机制。为此,有必要在基本法和部门法层面确立儿童利益最大化的法律原则;保障儿童表达意见权利和诉讼参与权;从司法层面看,确认儿童的诉讼主体地位,确立涉儿童家事案件职权探知、职权调查原则,建立专业化的家事审判机构。通过上述多重举措,真正实现家事审判对儿童利益的充分保障。     

Limiting the psychotherapist-patient privilege: the therapeutic potential

The author first explores the law of the psychotherapist-patient privilege along with the traditional rationale for the privilege. The results of studies challenging the assumptions upon which the privilege rests are summarized. Finally, the potential therapeutic advantages are explored. The author suggests that the absence of an absolute privilege might in fact prevent harmful behavior. Those patients who communicate to their therapists the desire or intent, for example, to commit a crime, might not act on their urges for fear of disclosure of the communication in a future criminal proceeding.     

Explaining the under-performance of the anti-human-trafficking campaign: experience from the United States and Europe

The American and the global campaigns against the trafficking of humans for labor and for sexual exploitation have had more than a decade of time and millions of dollars of support in an effort to suppress trafficking and protect its victims. Four of the six articles in this issue explore the reasons why the campaign in the United States has not had more instrumental success with respect to its prosecution goals. The number of cases brought and convictions obtained are fewer than what might be expected. Most of the cases brought involve sex trafficking. The less than impressive record of enforcement against human trafficking appears to be another example of how even very popular law reforms and crusades can be cooled out by the social realities of the criminal justice system. Sex trafficking cases are difficult to make because the victims are difficult to work with, juries are unsympathetic, and the police, prosecutors, judges have their own priorities. The article on the attempt to eliminate sex trafficking by switching to a policy of regulating prostitution rather than treating it as a crime indicates that policy change did not succeed. An attempt to create an index for assessing the implementation of anti-trafficking programs was successful.     

Corporate Colonialism and the “Crimes of the Powerful” Committed Against the Indigenous Peoples of Canada

Canada is both a capitalist and colonial society, one founded on the seizing of Indigenous lands for capitalist purposes. In the process, a variety of “crimes of the powerful” were committed, including the theft of Indigenous lands, the forcible confinement of Indigenous people onto reserves, and the subjection of Indigenous children to physical and sexual assaults via the residential school system. In more recent times, the corporate quest for extractive resources has created further harms for Indigenous communities. The lives of too many Indigenous people in Canada are now contoured by complex poverty, Indigenous children are over-represented in the child welfare system, and Indigenous adults are over-incarcerated in prisons and jails. Using a “crime” lens, this paper brings an awareness of Canada as a capitalist and colonial society—conceptualized here as “corporate colonialism”—to the foreground. In the process, the various manifestations of the “crimes of the powerful” against the Indigenous peoples of Canada are exposed.     

Listen to the Judge or Listen to the Facts?——On the exclusionary rule

证据是认识的基础、证明的根据、检验的标准、思想的指南.什么能当此重任?惟有事实.证据是事实,事实不存在非法、合法的问题.事实是客观的,既不受法律调整,也不受法律制约,因而证据也没有合法性.证据不能排除.排除证据的实质是法官睁着眼睛不认事实,排除证据的法官把自己和事实的位置摆错了,这是一项根本性的错误.非法获取人证是司法警察通过刑讯逼供和指名问供这样两重罪行实现的,因而它不是程序,而是程序中的实体.     

Making the rules and breaking the rules: the political origins of corporate corruption in the new economy

Recent scandals at companies like Enron and WorldCom have pointed to the systemic origins of many corporate frauds. This paper advances the argument that behind those scandals were strategic political actions that changed the regulatory and legal environment in which those firms operated and created criminogenic institutional frameworks that facilitated acts of corporate corruption. Three case studies involving (1) the California energy crisis of the late 1990's, (2) the regulation of energy derivatives, and (3) accounting treatments of stock options, are presented to illustrate how markets and the rules that govern them are the products of political processes and how they can create motivations and opportunities for corporate fraud. The implications these case studies have for the study of corporate crime and corruption are discussed.     

公共危机管理中政府与公民关系存在的问题及对策

公共危机管理需要政府与公民的合作。当前,我国公共危机管理中政府与公民的关系还存在诸多问题,对这些问题进行分析并找出其中的原因,进而提出相关的对策和建议,对构建危机管理中政府与公民良好的合作关系具有十分重要的理论意义和现实价值。