我国刑事和解的正当性解构

刑事和解为近年来我国实践部门探索的解决刑事案件的新途径。刑事和解在我国的适用,具有正当性基础,具体表现在:构建和谐社会理论和宽严相济为刑事和解正当性提供了理论依据和政策基础,刑事和解有助于和谐社会的构建,有利于贯彻宽严相济刑事司法政策;刑事和解是我国司法现实的需要,是实现利益兼得、有效化解矛盾、解决司法资源紧缺问题的重要途径,也是联合国所提倡的,各国通行的解决刑事纠纷的方式之一;刑事和解与传统刑事司法理论并不相悖,体现了解决刑事案件方式的多元化和价值追求的多元化。     

Justice, Sanctioning, and the Justice Model

The justice model has emerged as an alternative to the discredited rehabilitative ideal as a basis for sanctioning policy. Retributivism or just deserts is offered as the primary justification for the criminal sanction in this model, although sometimes in combination with incapacitation and deterrence as companion rationales for sanctioning. Desert is, additionally, an integral component of a sense of justice that is presented as an attribute of the justice model. Desert, both as a rationale for sanctions and as the basis for justice, is drawn from the philosophical models of Immanuel Kant and John Rawls. However, these models have some rather disturbing implications that have not been addressed by proponents of the justice model. A critical examination of them and their implications for criminology is therefore in order.     

日本现行罚金刑制度及发展趋向考察

日本罚金刑在现行刑法、刑事政策和司法实践中均占有重要的地位。其适用对象侧重过失犯和初犯;其适用方式多为选处和单处;罚金刑的量定未采用日数罚金制,仍袭旧制;执行制度有缴纳制度、执行犹豫、劳役场留置以及犯规通告制度。《日本改正刑法草案》反映了日本在罚金刑适用上的一些变化,罚金刑的适用范围有所扩大,方式更为多样合理,幅度变低并细化,裁量方式更趋完善。     

西方国家“轻轻重重”两极化刑事政策评介

20世纪70年代以来,西方国家开始出现了两极化的刑事政策,其不仅体现在刑事实体立法之中,而且体现在刑事诉讼程序及刑事执行等动态运行的全过程之中.刑之谦抑的要求与犯罪高压态势之矛盾促成了两极化刑事政策的生成;调和刑罚报应目的与预防目的的综合刑论是两极化刑事政策的理论基石;刑法保护机能和保障机能之平衡是调整刑事政策的基准和杠杆;犯罪学研究的成果为两极化刑事政策提供了合理的理论支撑.     

刑事政策概念新探

刑事政策概念是刑事政策研究的首要问题。刑事政策的实践古已有之,但刑事政策的概念却出现得比较晚,一般认为,"刑事政策"一词,开始使用于18世纪末的德国。在对国外学者、我国台湾学者以及我国内地学者诸多观点分别进行述评的基础上认为,下一个世界通用而又简明的刑事政策定义是比较困难的。从刑事政策制定者的角度出发,可以认为:我国(内地)的刑事政策是我们党和国家为了有效地打击和预防犯罪,依据我国一定时期的犯罪态势及其成因而制定的一系列行动准则。这是一个狭义上的刑事政策概念,它可以进一步被分成基本的刑事政策和具体的刑事政策。若从刑事政策研究者的角度出发,为了能使其研究更为深入和有效,则应从广义上把握刑事政策的概念。     

The war on street ‘terror’. Why tackle anti-social behaviour?

This article examines the rationales of Dutch politicians for tackling the perceived pressing problem of ‘anti-social behaviour’ (ASB) and the question did they copy the British approach? The first part will describe in short the concept of policy transfer and the recent British fight against ASB. The focus will be on the introduction of the Anti-social Behaviour Order. The second part is an empirical study into the Dutch retreat from ‘condoning’ ASB, consisting of interviews with Dutch politicians focusing on their ideas for tackling ASB. Those are compared with the British’s rationales. This kind of comparative elite ethnography is not common in criminology, but this article aims at providing evidence of its benefits. By answering the research question an insight into the origins of policy in the sphere of criminal justice can be obtained.     

The Prisoner's Perspective: A Needed View in Policy Formulation

The need for soliciting attitudes of convicted adult criminals towards the public system of criminal justice remains a neglected area of study. To the exclusion of the “prisoner's perspective”, criminological thought has relied extensively and, at times, exclusively on traditional criminological sources, public opinion polls and simulation studies, for relevant information regarding the criminal justice system. This paper seeks to break the cabal of silence by contending that the “prisoner's perspective” must be a requisite in any effort directed at making better decisions. The relationship between attitudes and behaviour, the sense of participation, the implementation of sound business practices, and the adherence to democratic principles are offered as possible rationales for the acceptance of the “prisoner's perspective”. It certainly cannot be suggested that the majority of ills confronting the criminal justice system are due to the non-recognition of the prisoner; however, unilateral and archaic policy construction and continued bypassing of the “prisoner's perspective” can serve only to harden the apparent resentment and contempt for a criminal justice system predicated on brass-bound policy ideals.     

论宽严相济政策指导下的刑事和解制度

刑事和解制度对构建社会主义和谐社会具有价值功能,与我国宽严相济刑事政策具有相融性。司法实践中,应将其统一于社会主义的法治理念、纳入现行法律的框架轨道、融于宽严相济的刑事政策之中进行探索和试行。刑事和解制度最终应转化为国内立法,以法律明文规定的形式加以规范。     

Academic dishonesty among criminal justice majors: A research note

There is a limited, but growing body of literature on the academic integrity of criminal justice majors. This study adds to the research by surveying 850 students at a Midwestern university and comparing criminal justice majors to students majoring in other disciplines. The survey consisted of various academic dishonesty behaviors, rationales for being academically dishonest, and whether or not the behaviors were ethical. The results indicated that there were some differences between criminal justice and non-criminal justice majors; however, for most measures, the two groups of students were similar. Unfortunately, the overall level of cheating was high for both criminal justice and non-criminal justice students.     

基于社会资本解释范式的刑事政策研究

社会资本理论为刑事政策研究提供了新的解释范式,有着重要的方法论意义。社会资本是资本的一种表现形式,是一种嵌入在社会网络中的资源。社会资本与刑事政策之间存在着密切关系:宏观而言,社会资本存量与控制犯罪效果成正比;微观而论,不同形式的社会资本对犯罪生成会产生不同的影响,进而影响到相应的刑事政策。因此,从社会资本角度来反思和发展我国现行刑事政策有着重要的理论和实践价值。     

刑事政策研究的中国特色

中国的刑事政策研究基本与改革开放的进程同步,成就斐然,特色明显,问题也非常突出。总结刑事政策研究的中国特色,分析其形成的原因,对于进一步繁荣中国刑事政策研究,科学指导刑事政策实践,有效推进社会主义法治国家建设,意义重大。     

宽严相济刑事政策与罚金刑改革

刑罚体系中的罚金刑本质上与宽严相济刑事政策的精神相契合,能够在贯彻宽严相济刑事政策中发挥重要的作用。我国现有罚金刑制度还存在罚金刑地位不高、适用范围狭窄、无限额罚金制的规定较多、罚金刑配置方式单一、罚金刑执行难等诸多问题和缺陷,影响到对宽严相济刑事政策的贯彻执行,需要我们对其进行相应的一系列的改革完善,以使其在体现和贯彻宽严相济刑事政策中的作用得以充分发挥。     

刑事政策的理论预设:国家、权力与公共政策

刑事政策作为刑事法界域的一个基本范畴,是当下理论界与实务部门的一个热门话题。对作为刑事政策理论预设和逻辑前提的国家、权力、管理、决策、公共政策等范畴进行研究,从而将刑事政策本身置于一个深广的人文社会背景中加以考察,有助于提升刑事政策相关研究的理论品位,并充分释放其实践效能。     

Policy, Politics, and the Criminal Courts

This case study of criminal process in a middle-sized western city in the United States employs quantitative data, interviews, and library research to explore the politics of criminal process and its impact on the operative policies of the criminal courts from I964 through 1980. The research reveals significant policy change but a very elusive relationship between politics and policy. Judges and prosecutors preserve a significant measure of autonomy for dealing with the bulk of their caseload by giving up much of their independence in those cases that are inescapably politicized. Both judges and prosecutors use this partial political insulation to advance their own versions of criminological wisdom. On the other hand, they are constrained by the prevailing ethos and by institutional limitations to operate well within conventional definitions of crime and criminality—even when those conventional views run counter to their own practical experience.     

宽严相济政策对犯罪控制效率的兼顾

宽严相济的刑事政策以促进社会和谐为基本价值目标,但这一政策对犯罪控制的效率可能产生一定的消极影响。犯罪控制效率同样决定着社会和谐的程度,因此,实施宽严相济刑事政策必须兼顾犯罪控制的效率。其主要对策是,借鉴《联合国反腐败公约》制定的反腐败策略,在立法和司法两个层面鼓励涉嫌犯罪者与刑事执法机关合作,并以现代侦查手段武装侦查机关,提高侦查、公诉机关揭露和证实犯罪的能力。     

宽严相济刑事政策与和谐社会

宽严相济刑事政策是我国刑事政策的新发展,同时也是对实行20多年的"严打"政策的反思和纠正.宽严相济刑事政策与和谐社都"以人为本",因而内在地联系在一起.构建和谐社会需要实行宽严相济刑事政策,因为它能满足和谐社会化解社会矛盾的需要、节约社会资源和刑事司法资源的需要;宽严相济刑事政策能促进和谐社会构建,因为它能有效地维护社会稳定,促进社会和谐,协调社会利益.所以,在构建和谐社会过程中,必须采取有效措施认真贯彻宽严相济刑事政策.     

Criminal law and HIV/AIDS: strategic considerations

Richard Elliott's paper on criminal law and HIV/AIDS, an edited and updated version of his presentation at "Putting Third First," sets out five guiding principles for criminal law policy and HIV/AIDS; briefly outlines the rationales for criminalization; discusses three strategic legal questions regarding the criminalization of HIV transmission/exposure; and offers a number of recommendations for consideration of those needing to articulate a well-considered perspective on the ethical, legal, human rights, and public health dimensions of the criminalization of HIV transmission/exposure.     

THE TRUE VALUE OF LAMBDA WOULD APPEAR TO BE ZERO: AN ESSAY ON CAREER CRIMINALS,CRIMINAL CAREERS,SELECTIVE INCAPACITATION,COHORT STUDIES,AND RELATED TOPICS*

The idea of selective incapacitation and the distinction between prevalence and incidence (participation and lambda) justify the search for a group of offenders whose criminality does not decline with age and who may be identified solely on the basis of legally relevant variables. This paper questions such research, arguing that the decline in age with crime characterizes even the most active offenders. and that the distinction between incidence and prevalence does not deserve the theoretical, research, or policy attention it has been claimed to merit (Farrington, 1985; Blumstein and Graddy, 1981–1982). In doing so, it relies on research results widely accepted in criminology. Thus, the current focus of criminological research on the “career criminal,” on selective incapacitation, and on longitudinal research remains unjustified.     

Adolescent Male and Female Gang Members’ Experiences with Violent Victimization, Dating Violence, and Sexual Assault

A substantial amount of scholarship has been devoted to examining the relationship between gang membership and criminal offending. This research has produced a wealth of qualitative and quantitative studies indicating that gang membership increases the likelihood of criminal offending for both males and females. Less research, however, has examined the relationship between gang membership and violent victimization. The present study adds to the literature by examining the relationship between gender, gang membership, and three types of victimization. Specifically, this paper focuses on whether self-reported gang membership is uniquely related to victimization experiences for females compared to males. Results from a statewide survey of public high school students in South Carolina indicate that gang membership is significantly related to the risk of victimization for both males and females. The implications of these findings for research and policy are discussed.     

Power-seeking crime? The professional thief versus the professional launderer

Relating the concept of power to motives and objectives for criminal activities results in different images of criminals and their motivations. In this article, we aim to reflect on two different forms of crime (burglary versus money laundering) starting from a power perspective. We describe how the pursuit of power may or may not be related to crime, perpetrators and the policies that have been developed to prevent or repress these types of crime. By examining the motives behind both burglary and money laundering, we try to make clear how the concept of power and power pursuit leads to different rationales in criminal conduct. We try to determine to what extent ‘rational choice’ plays a role in this respect. As a conclusion, we argue that ‘power’ as such influences patterns of crime, victimisation and societal reactions (by means of criminal policy). The extent to which power accumulation is an outcome of crime, will in part determine the social reaction to crime and as a result, the perceived threat of crime.