法律发展与法律知识化

法律发展首先必须面对合法化与价值诉求问题，而这一切又无不与作为基础的法律主体的知识立场密切相关。如何谋求“法律知识化”、话语合法化以及法律主体的价值立场的有效运作，是法律文明、有效发展的必要途径，也是法律发展话语摒弃规则主义弊端制约而建构自我所不可回避的挑战。从西方国家的经验看，现代法治的确立与以理性化为核心的法律知识化过程密不可分，法律知识化由知识对法律的关系提升、扩展为一种法律观，再由一种法律观落实为一种价值观、方法论，并由此引导法律主体追求和建设一种新的法律文明。更为重要的是，“法律知识化”使法治成为近代法律发展的本质性，把知识化原则导入法律发展领域，从而实现了法律发展的革命性变革。     

信息网络传播权的法律规制与制度完善

信息网络传播权是伴随着现代信息技术出现的新的传播权类型,国际社会在运用法律手段设置、调整和完善该类权利及其运行方面进行了有效探索,产生了一系列可供借鉴的文本。我国《信息网络传播权保护条例》的出台实现了该权利在我国的体系化规制,但它并不能解决网络时代著作权保护的所有问题,信息网络传播权法律规则应该在《著作权法》的第二次修改中得到统筹考虑,并以此促进《条例》的修改和完善。     

信息时代隐私权保护面临的挑战与应对

信息社会中人类生活的信息化、个人信息商品化、个人信息公用化、网络人格虚拟化等特征为隐私权的发展提供了时代背景并对隐私权的保护提出了挑战。信息社会的隐私权具备了不同于传统隐私权的特点：涉及范围扩充、积极权能增强、权利相对化等，因此，对于隐私权的保护也需要采取多样化的手段，以应对信息社会中隐私权保护所面临的隐私侵权问题严重、行为规范与伦理道德缺失等挑战。保护信息时代隐私权，既需要完善立法、建构隐私权保护的综合体系，同时还需要民众教育、技术开发、行业自律等环节的互相配合。     

版权保护与创作、文化发展的关系

将版权的功能等同于鼓励创作,是对现实的过度简化。从作者的角度来看,个体的创作受到多重动机的驱使,版权只扮演着一个相对边缘性的角色。版权更重要的向度是在产业领域,其作用是在媒介稀缺和信息传递依附价值传递的产业环境下,确保知识的大规模商品化得以顺利进行,后者在客观上提高了社会知识的存量和传播范围,同时强化和扩大了作者作为一种职业的地位和范围。当前的媒介充裕和创作传播手段的分散化,催生了大众化创作,并使其成为自媒体时代公众之间重要的对话交流形式。同时,互联网的零边际成本和平台的网络效应与版权相结合,提高了版权人垄断定价的能力和网络版权的市场集中度。版权与文化繁荣的关系,需要在新的信息社会的背景下进行类型化分析。一个宽松的文化发展环境、以产业政策为主导的规模化大市场、低成本的知识要素自由流动以及国家的支持和反垄断介入,是目前我国进一步实现文化发展与繁荣的必由之路。     

建设和谐社会、环境友好社会的法学理论——调整论

介绍调整论的主要内容,阐明法律应不应该、能不能够以及如何调整人与自然关系这三个层次的问题,概括了调整论对主流法理学补充的四个要点,以及对主流法理学进行反思与挑战的四个基本理论领域.认为法律人是作为人与人的关系和人与自然的关系的总和的人;每个人只能通过自身与其他人的关系和自身与自然(环境资源)的关系求生存、求发展、求利益、求幸福;个人通过其行为建立和变革人与人的关系和人与自然的关系,法律既可以规定人对人的行为,也可以规定人对自然物的行为,因而法律既能够调整人与人的关系,也能够调整人与自然的关系.环境资源法对人与自然关系的调整,是指环境资源法根据社会经济规律和自然生态规律,根据人与自然关系的不同类型、特点和社会需要,设立相应的权利、义务、规则和制度去调整人与自然的关系.环境资源法对人与自然关系的调整,是一个渐进的、不断发展的过程,应该与时俱进.环境资源法调整人与自然关系的机制包括其他法律部门的相关调整机制和环境资源专门法所特有的调整机制即生态化调整机制.     

博客服务商与博主著作权法律关系探究

随着博客规模的不断扩大和博客服务商数量的猛烈增加,博客著作权问题日益凸显出来。博主享有博客原创作品的著作权,但博客服务商以自己对博客享有管理维护权为由而任意行使本该属于博主的信息网络传播权等著作权。因此,有必要通过法律保护、技术保护和制度保护等途径维护博主的利益。     

我国银行业实行混业经营存在的法律问题及对策

在国际银行业混业经营的发展趋势下,我国目前采取分业经营体制的银行业向混业经营体制转变已是大势所趋。鉴于目前我国金融领域存在着金融机构产权不明、金融监管法律法规体系不健全、各监管主体之间缺乏合理有效的协调机制及金融机构信息披露制度不完善等诸多问题,应通过改革金融机构的产权结构、健全金融监管法律体系,加强各监管主体之间的协调及建立金融机构强制信息披露制度等措施来确保银行业混业经营的实现。     

夹缝中的法律移植与传统创造——《大清著作权律》述评

作为中国第一部著作权法,《大清著作权律》更多是外力催化而非自然生长的结果,因而深深烙上了那个动荡时代的印迹,其作为政治工具的诸多缺陷也非常明显。尽管如此,它还是打开了一扇窗口,使中国人开始慢慢了解和接受著作权观念,并成为中国著作权法发展的规范源流。《大清著作权律》的制定和实施过程既是移植法律的过程,也是创造传统的过程。     

社会主义法治理念是创新社会管理的现实条件

2011年2月19日胡锦涛在省部级主要领导干部社会管理及其创新专题研讨班开班式上发表重要讲话,强调要加强和创新社会管理。社会管理离不开社会主义法治,社会主义法治理念的五要素是创新社会管理的前提和理由,社会主义法治理念的五要素更加符合创新社会管理的需要,为创新社会管理创造现实条件。先确立社会主义法治理念,再提创新社会管理,在逻辑上是顺理成章的事情。     

和谐社会中法律价值的冲突与选择

法律价值冲突曾经对我国的和谐发展产生过一定的负面影响,例如,城乡发展不平衡与“公平”、“效率”间的价值冲突有关,地区发展不平衡与“自由”、“平等”间的价值冲突有关,经济社会发展不平衡与“人权”、“秩序”间的价值冲突有关。妥善协调法律价值冲突是构建和谐社会的第一步。法律价值冲突的原因是多方面的,既是由法律的本质特征决定的,又与我国现阶段的国情、建设法治的历史环境以及制度选择密切相关。妥善协调法律价值冲突,应遵循以人为本、相对位阶、化解冲突和多元适用原则。     

Legal developments and industry issues relevant to IT,media and telecommunications law in key jurisdictions across the Asia Pacific

This column provides a country by country analysis of the latest legal developments, cases and issues relevant to the IT, media and telecommunications' industries in key jurisdictions across the Asia Pacific region. The articles appearing in this column are intended to serve as ‘alerts’ and are not submitted as detailed analyses of cases or legal developments.     

Legal developments and industry issues relevant to IT,media and telecommunications law in key jurisdictions across the Asia Pacific

This column provides a country by country analysis of the latest legal developments, cases and issues relevant to the IT, media and telecommunications' industries in key jurisdictions across the Asia Pacific region. The articles appearing in this column are intended to serve as ‘alerts’ and are not submitted as detailed analyses of cases or legal developments.     

Between market forces and knowledge based motives: the governance of defence innovation in the UK

The purpose of this contribution is to examine the evolutionary transformations that have characterised the UK defence innovation system since the mid 1980s. It focuses on the central and challenging issue faced by the Ministry of Defence (MoD) in implementing effective governance mechanisms emerging from the continuous trade-off between short-term market driven measures motivated by efficiency arguments, and more long term and relational considerations in terms of knowledge economics. Furthermore, in terms of technology transfer, this evolution has been accompanied by a gradual shift from an initial logic of spin-off to society expected from government driven military projects, to a logic of spin-in where the main concern of the military sector is to broaden its industrial and R&D base.

试析P2P共享软件的滥用及其规制

P2P共享软件的滥用是一个颇具争议的热门话题,非议者不少,而支持者亦众.版权人、国家版权保护机构、影音业协会、网络供应商、互联网主管部门、警察机关、司法机关等均不约而同从不同的角度规制网民滥用P2P共享软件的行为.代表互联网未来发展方向的P2P共享软件本身并无过错,但其引发的诸项争议必须置于法律框架内方能解决.从剖析P2P共享软件的基本原理及因其滥用而引起的各种法律争议着手,分析滥用P2P共享软件行为的性质,探寻法律规制滥用P2P共享软件行为的规则.     

Ownership of personal data in the Internet of Things

This article analyses, defines, and refines the concepts of ownership and personal data to explore their compatibility in the context of EU law. It critically examines the traditional dividing line between personal and non-personal data and argues for a strict conceptual separation of personal data from personal information. The article also considers whether, and to what extent, the concept of ownership can be applied to personal data in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT). This consideration is framed around two main approaches shaping all ownership theories: a bottom-up and top-down approach. Via these dual lenses, the article reviews existing debates relating to four elements supporting introduction of ownership of personal data, namely the elements of control, protection, valuation, and allocation of personal data. It then explores the explanatory advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches in relation to each of these elements as well as to ownership of personal data in IoT at large. Lastly, this article outlines a revised approach to ownership of personal data in IoT that may serve as a blueprint for future work in this area and inform regulatory and policy debates.     

Addressing identity crime in crime management information systems: Definitions,classification, and empirics

Identity fraud as a term and concept in its formative stages was often presumed to be identity theft and visa versa. However, identity theft is caused by the identities (or tokens) of individuals or organisations being stolen is an enabling precursor to identity fraud. The boundaries of identity fraud and identity theft are now better defined. The absence of specific identity crime legislation could be a cause of perpetrators not classified as breaching identity crimes but under other specific entrenched law such as benefit fraud, or credit card fraud. This metrics overlap can cause bias in crime management information systems. This study uses a multi-method approach where data was collected in both a quantitative and qualitative manner. These approaches are used as a lens for defining different classes of online identity crimes in a crime management (IS) security context. In doing so, we contribute to a deeper understanding of identity crime by specifically examining its hierarchical classes and definitions; to aid clearer structure in crime management IS. We seek to answer the questions: should current law around identity fraud continue to be reinforced and measures introduced to prevent identity crime; should laws be amended; or should new identity crime laws be constructed? We conclude and recommend a solution incorporating elements of all three.     

中国司法鉴定救助制度存在的问题及评析

自四川省司法厅2006年7月21日公布较为系统的《四川省司法鉴定援助暂行办法》以来,许多省、市、县纷纷制定了规范司法鉴定救助的规定。我们获取的12个规范样本,大多出自地方司法行政部门,有的较系统地明确了司法鉴定救助的目的、司法鉴定救助的对象范围与条件、司法鉴定救助的运作程序、承担救助义务的鉴定机构与鉴定人的权责等问题。然而,各地方的规范繁简不一,部分问题并未受到重视,盖因司法鉴定救助程序的规制仍处于尝试、探索之中。故在相关机构进行全国性司法鉴定救助立法之前,首先要对既有的各地方性规范进行理性评析。     

Organizing knowledge spillovers when basic and applied research are interdependent: German biotechnology policy in historical perspective

The German biotechnology lag illuminates the difficulties of finding appropriate organizational forms of R&D for “embryo” innovations requiring the continued involvement of basic research scientists even after innovation has advanced to the stage of commercial product development. The analysis charts the German policy shift from largely unsuccessful “corporatist” networks (1970s and 1980s) to more promising “emergent” networks (1990s) as organizational vehicles for conducting biotechnology innovation. A constant of German R&D policy for most of the 20th century, and one underlying the initial reliance on corporatist networks in biotechnology, was the tendency to exclude universities from major R&D initiatives and rely instead on specialized research institutes. The structural inflexibilities of universities, combined with the early successes of many specialized research institutes from the 1880s on, led to path-dependent reliance on the latter for 20th-century reforms of the German national innovation system.      

Determinants of knowledge transfer: evidence from Canadian university researchers in natural sciences and engineering

This paper addresses three questions: First, what is the extent of research transfer in natural sciences and engineering among Canadian university researchers? Second, are there differences between various disciplines with regard to the extent of this transfer? And third, what are the determinants of research transfer? To answer these questions, the paper begins by differentiating between technology transfer and knowledge transfer. It then identifies the individual researcher as the unit of analysis of this study and introduces a conceptual framework derived from the resource-based approach of firms. The paper then reviews the literature on each of the factors included in the conceptual framework, beginning with the dependent variable, knowledge transfer. The conceptual framework includes four categories of resources and one category of research attributes that are likely to influence knowledge transfer. Based on a survey of 1,554 researchers funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), comparisons of means of research transfer across research fields were conducted. Multivariate regression analyses were used to identify the determinants of research transfer by research field. The results of these analyses indicate that researchers transferred knowledge much more actively when no commercialization was involved than when there was commercialization of protected intellectual property. This paper thus adds to the relatively scarce evidence about knowledge transfer by examining knowledge transfer from a broader perspective than strict commercialization. The findings of this paper are also interesting for other reasons. We obtained statistical evidence indicating that researchers in certain research fields were much more active in knowledge transfer than those in other fields, thereby pointing to differences in levels of knowledge activities across research fields. Furthermore, we obtained evidence showing that only two determinants explained knowledge transfer in all the six research fields considered in this study, namely, focus of research projects on users’ needs, and linkages between researchers and research users. Statistical evidence obtained indicates that the other determinants that influence knowledge transfer vary from one research field to another, thus suggesting that different policies would be required to increase knowledge transfer in different research fields. The last part of the paper outlines the implications of the regression results for theory building, public policy and future research.     

后危机时代下国际金融监管法律规制比较研究——兼及对我国之启示

后危机时代下,世界主要经济体的主要任务开始由采取短期政策措施以遏制危机蔓延和深化转向金融监管立法制度改革,以此修复现行金融监管体系的根本性缺陷。美英及欧盟世界三大经济体先后颁布多项金融监管改革法案,折射出国际金融监管立法改革的新动向。其中加强系统性风险监管和加大金融消费者保护力度成为改革重点。为完善我国金融监管体制,突出解决系统性风险监管薄弱和金融消费者权益保护缺失提供了借鉴。