Reconstructing Citizens as Consumers: Implications for New Modes of Governance

This article examines the relationship between government and the public within a producer–consumer market exchange. Four conceptual problems are identified in relation to the application of market models to the relationship between government and citizen. These types of models fail to account for the essentially political engagement between government and citizens, the collective responsibilities of government, the absence of markets in many areas of government service delivery and the complexity of relations between government and citizens.     

Participatory Governance into the Future: Roles of the Government and Community Sectors

A paradigm shift is occurring in the way in which the government, business and community sectors relate to each other, challenging each to redefine their respective roles and responsibilities. This paper explores those changing relationships, focussing on how the community sector in particular may move beyond delivering services to be given a greater voice in the government's policy development process. Overseas, especially Canadian experience is drawn upon to suggest a possible participatory framework for progressing collaborative arrangements. Challenges the sectors need to confront are discussed before possible future roles and responsibilities are suggested.     

Toward Participatory and Transparent Governance: Report on the Sixth Global Forum on Reinventing Government:

The Global Forum on Reinventing Government has made government reform and new forms of comparative public administration and politics global issues. Since the forum was initiated in the United States in 1999, it has been held in locations around the world with broad representation. Yet the proceedings of these forums have not been fully reported to the international public administration community. This paper reports on the ideas on reinventing governance that emerged from the Sixth Global Forum. Many of the participants in the forum came from developing countries, so the paper also provides ideas and points of view on governance that are beyond the mainstream literature in this area.     

Bureaucratic Readiness in Managing Local Level Participatory Governance: A Developing Country Context

Participatory governance in developing countries is broadly viewed as an essential prerequisite for successful implementation of public projects. However, it poses many challenges for public bureaucrats in terms of their skills and willingness to engage citizens. Despite the growing evidence of the pervasiveness of participatory governance, research to date has not explored bureaucratic readiness to adopt participatory practices. This research presents findings of a bureaucratic readiness assessment for participatory governance in Bangladesh by exploring how public bureaucrats perceive the value of participation; how they are educated to collaborate with stakeholders; and the extent to which their attitudes are amenable to enhancing participatory governance. Our findings suggest that we can classify readiness in terms of both motivational and educational factors. The study has implications for how readiness can be developed in public officials that may assist in fostering participatory governance in Bangladesh and be informative to other countries experiencing similar issues.     

新乡土社会中礼治和法治的冲突与整合

社会转型期的中国,乡村社会出现了一系列新的特征,传统乡土社会转向新乡土社会。在这种新形势下,维护乡土社会秩序的传统手段礼治出现逐渐弱化的趋势,同时,法治虽然进入乡土社会,但仍然遭遇重重困难。在了解二者现实状况和相互关系的基础上,消解其冲突与对立,实现其互动与整合,具有重要的现实价值。     

治理韧性：新时代中国社会治理的维度与效度

面对百年未有之大变局,治理韧性作为社会风险治理的新视角愈加成为学界及政府界高度关注的话题,然而,无论是在学术研究还是公共政策实践中,由于缺乏对治理韧性的理论溯源、概念辨析与场域锁定等的准确甄别,因此产生了治理韧性本质内涵解读差异化、形式外延界定多样化的认知分歧。本研究尝试将治理韧性置于新时代中国社会治理的特定场域中,揭示了“调适有度”是社会治理韧性的本质,权力限度、结构密度、价值温度与目标精度是识别社会治理韧性的维度坐标。提升社会治理韧性,必须从授权赋能、社会凝聚、共同富裕、敏捷治理等方面促进社会治理体系的有效调适,从而增进新时代中国社会治理的有效性。     

西方国家跨界治理的内在动力、典型模式与实现路径

随着经济全球化日渐深入,单个国家内的跨界问题日趋凸显。为应对此种跨界问题,西方学术界对跨界治理展开了颇具深度的理论分析。新区域主义学派认为跨界治理的内在动力在于经济发展,随着区域经济的发展,跨界问题会随之消失。但实践并未如此,跨界问题反而突出,于是跨界治理的内在动力在于政治驱动的学术观点开始出现,此种观点认为只有地方政府之间达成实质性的契约关系,将跨界问题提到公共议程上,才能有效地加以解决。以区域经济发展为基础目标的跨界治理典型模式中,主要有伙伴关系模式、行政性合作模式和碎片化模式等三种。在此基础上,西方学者还对跨界治理的实现路径进行了研究,具体包括公私伙伴式和新葛兰西式两种迥异的实现路径。     

开创新时代社会治理新格局

我国社会治理,基本遵循了从"社会管理"到"共建共治共享"跨越的创新逻辑,但在现实中,治理"瓶颈"仍然存在,主要表现为治理结构没有跟上实践发展、治理主体关系没有及时法定化、治理过程不够协调、治理规范不够完善。党的十九大以来,我国社会治理将在体系、机制、制度等三个方面并进,规范多元主体参与的共建体系、创新化解社会矛盾的共治机制,完善民生获得的共享制度,从而开创新时代社会治理新格局。     

Immigrant Engagement in Participatory Budgeting in New York City

Participatory Budgeting (PB) is a welcome experiment in participatory democracy in New York City (NYC), one that could produce greater civic engagement of traditionally marginalized groups and more equitable resource distribution. By engaging immigrants, PB aims to affirm and elevate their voices, help develop their civic capacities, and promote their political participation and community empowerment. During the past four years, participation by immigrants (foreign-born residents) in New York City’s PB process (PBNYC) has steadily increased, growing from nineteen to twenty-eight percent of all PB voters. Yet, immigrant participation lags compared to their numbers, with great variation among PB districts. Using a mixed methods approach that incorporates surveys of and interviews with immigrant community members, staff at immigrant serving community-based organizations, and City Council staff, this article aims to parse out the logistical and affective barriers to participation immigrants face in PB districts and how PBNYC’s design attempts to circumvent said barriers and facilitate participation. Ultimately, our study reveals a complex mix of promising practices and structural constraints involved in working toward PB’s “inclusive” and “equitable” aims.     

The Australian Public Sector and New Governance

The AJPA resumed publishing the Administrative Chronicle in 1996. Each year the editors invite a distinguished writer to contribute an administrative essay reviewing developments in the previous year. They are asked to examine trends and topics of major importance rather than simply providing a chronology of events. In inviting contributors the editors have attempted to incorporate different views across Australia. Previous chronicles have included J Stewart (55)1; S Prasser (56)1 and J Homeshaw (57)3.     

实验主义治理：公共治理的一个新路径

实验主义治理秉持以现实问题为导向和以经验证据为支撑的实证理念和循证品格,在纵向放权的基础上通过目标设置、差异探索、治理评估、政策迭代和政策扩散等机制探寻政策改进和治理优化的可行路径。作为一种新的治理模式,它的兴起是为了应对治理复杂性的挑战、弥补科层式治理的不足和探寻治理现代化的路径等。实验主义治理模式注重纵向放权、公众参与和多元协作,改善了公共治理主体间的关系,提升了治理的参与性、科学性和有效性,是科层式治理模式的重要补充。但在实践中,实验主义治理也面临着法治困境、创新困境和合作困境等现实难题。在我国推进治理体系与治理能力现代化的背景下,应当协调好实验主义治理中创新与法治的内在张力,完善治理体制与机制,提升实验主义治理的实践效能,从而使其在全面深化改革进程中发挥更大的作用。     

中国之治与新型政党制度效能

中国之治彰显中国制度的优越性。新型政党制度是以多党合作为显著特征的政党制度,旧式政党制度是以多党竞争为显著特点的政党制度。新型政党制度相对于旧式政党制度在国家治理方面表现出无可比拟的制度优势,实现了在社会发展形态和国家治理效能上的双重超越。中国新型政党制度效能优势突出表现在具有强大组织动员力、利益整合力、民主科学的决策力和秩序保障力,是一项符合中国国情、管用、高效的民主制度体系。     

From Porto Alegre to New York City: Participatory Budgeting and Democracy

Because of its popularity, there is now a large literature examining how participatory budgeting (PB) deepens participation by the poor and redistributes resources. Closer examinations of recent cases of PB can help us to better understand the political configurations in which these new participatory democratic spaces are embedded, and articulate the conditions that might lead to more meaningful outcomes. Who participates? For whose benefit? The articles in this symposium, on participatory budgeting in New York City (PBNYC), highlight both strengths and challenges of the largest American PB process. They focus less on redistribution, more on the dimensions of the process itself and of PBNYC’s successful social inclusion, new dynamics between participants and local politicians, and the subtleties of institutionalization. The symposium also reminds us, however, that contestations over meaningful participation are on-going, and that of all of PBNYC’s multiple goals, equity has proven to be the most elusive.     

Governance of Terror: New Institutionalism and the Evolution of Terrorist Organizations

A preoccupation with network approaches in terrorism studies has inadvertently marginalized the fact that terrorist groups are subject to many of the same bureaucratic forces that impact all purposeful organizations. Because typical organizations are subsumed in the concept of networks, it is curious that scholars have been so quick to bypass more traditional models of organizations and bureaucracy that may help us understand network topology. This article relies on the new institutional approach to organizational behavior. Using the Coase theorem to explain the costs and benefits associated with different organizational structures, it follows that counterterrorism efforts may drive some groups toward greater autonomy while compelling others to adopt common bureaucratic processes, often referred to as isomorphism. By exploring the different costs that terror groups face and examining the characteristics of terrorists associated with different groups, organizational theory can help explain a divergent trend in terrorism research: leaderless jihad and increased bureaucratization.     

Myth and American politics

Accumulating tensions call into question the sustainability of the American political system, which ultimately depends on public faith in the justifying myth. This article takes sustainability as a policy problem, and attempts to reconstruct the significance of recent, scattered events in American politics from the standpoint of central theory in the policy sciences. The resulting construct emphasizes the significance of intellectuals in the decision processes of modern society and the continuing task of the policy sciences.