Facing the Inevitable: Britain's Entry into the European Community and Australia's Policy, 1970‐72

While Australia's response to Britain's 1961‐63 bid to join the European Community has been examined in almost every possible detail, Australian policy towards Britain's 1970‐72 application has drawn very little scholarly attention. This article therefore aims to fill this gap by drawing on newly released archival material from the National Archives of Australia in Canberra and the National Archives in London. In doing so, the article examines the impact of Britain's 1971‐72 application to join the EC on Australian policy and the Anglo‐Australian relations. It argues that while far from provoking the same widespread uproar as the Macmillan government's original application in 1961, Britain's final bid had important political and economic implications for Australian foreign policy.     

Landmine clearance and land resettlement in Cambodia: Agents of rural development

Max Boot, War Made New: Technology, Warfare, and the Course of History, 1500 to Today. New York: Gotham Books, 2006. Paperback, ISBN: 9781592403158, 640 pages.

Ramachandra Guha, India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy. UK, US: Macmillan, 2007. Hardcover, ISBN: 9780230016545, 871 pages.

Tim Jeal, Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer. London: Faber and Faber, 2007. Hardcover, ISBN: 0571221025, 496 pages.

Alex Thomson, An Introduction to African Politics (second edition). London: Routledge, 2004. Paperback, ISBN: 9780415282611, 284 pages.

Lorna Lloyd, Diplomacy with a Difference: The Commonwealth Office of High Commissioner, 1880–2006. Leiden and Boston: Marinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2007. Hardcover, ISBN: 9789004154971, 353 pages.

Ali A Allawi, The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007. Hardcover, ISBN: 9780300136142, 518 pages.

Paul Bremer with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope. New York: Threshold Editions, 2006. Hardcover, ISBN: 9781416540588, 419 pages.

Rajiv Chandrasekaran, Imperial Life in the Emerald City: Inside Iraq's Green Zone. Toronto: Alfred A Knopf, 2006. Hardcover, ISBN: 9781400044870, 320 page's.

Larry Diamond, Squandered Victory: The American Occupation and the Bungled Effort to Bring Democracy to Iraq. New York: Owl Books, 2006. Hardcover, ISBN: 0805080082, 384 pages.

George Packer, The Assassin's Gate: America in Iraq. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005. Hardcover, ISBN: 0374299633, 481 pages.     

Art,Cold War Diplomacy and Commonwealth: Australian and Canadian Art at the Tate Gallery 1962–1964

This article analyses the formation, presentation and reception of two seminal exhibitions: Australian Painting: Colonial, Impressionist, Contemporary (1962–1963) and Canadian Painting 1939–1963 (1964). The presentation of these exhibitions at London’s Tate Gallery reflected the institution’s support for “old dominion” Commonwealth members. The exhibitions also highlight the differing visions of the Canadian and Australian governments concerning the relationship between art, diplomacy and politics during the Cold War. In Canada, Vincent Massey (Governor General 1952–1959) played a key role in ensuring that all forms of Canadian art were promoted internationally. Massey wanted to connect with the European and American avant-garde and to be part of a multiracial Commonwealth. This contrasted with the rather “old-fashioned” views of the Australian prime minister, Robert Menzies, and the Commonwealth Art Advisory Board. They supported a Commonwealth dominated by the “white dominions” and the initial exhibition plan for Australian Painting recalled previous British Empire art shows. The British response to the Canadian and Australian exhibitions is also discussed. British critics preferred the nationally identifiable “exotic” art found in Australian art to the transnational forms of international abstraction in Canadian art. Eventually, Australia “caught up” with Canadian cultural policy following the establishment of the Australia Council.     

Australia and the Secretive Exploitation of the Chatham Islands to 1842

The European discovery of the Chatham Islands in 1791 resulted in significant consequences for its indigenous Moriori people. The colonial Australian influence on the Chathams has received little scholarly attention. This article argues that the young colonies of New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land led the exploitation of the archipelago before its annexation to New Zealand in 1842. The Chathams became a secretive outpost of the colonial economy, especially the sealing trade. Colonial careering transformed the islands: environmental destruction accompanied economic exploitation, with deleterious results for the Moriori. When two Māori iwi (tribes) from New Zealand’s North Island invaded in 1835, Moriori struggled to respond as a consequence of the colonial encounter. Mobility and technology gained from the Australian colonies enabled and influenced the invasion itself, and derogatory colonial stereotypes about Aboriginal peoples informed the genocide that ensued. Hence this article writes the Chathams into Australian history and Australia into Chathams history, showing that discussions of the early colonial economy, environment, and genocide must consider the wider South Pacific context in conjunction with events internal to the colonies.     

A Matter of Honor: Pearl Harbor: Betrayal,Blame, and a Family's Quest for Justice: Countdown to Pearl Harbor: The Twelve Days to the Attack

A Matter of Honor: Pearl Harbor: Betrayal, Blame, and a Family's Quest for Justice. By Anthony Summers and Robbyn Swan (New York: HarperCollins, 2016), pp. xvi + 521. US$35.00. Countdown to Pearl Harbor: The Twelve Days to the Attack. By Steve Twomey (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2016), pp. xvi + 368. US$30.00.     

The new nuclear danger

McGeorge Bundy, William J Crowe, JR., and Sidney D Drell, Reducing Nuclear Danger, Council on Foreign Relations Press, New York, 1993, pp.107.

Robert D. Blackwill and Albert Carnesale (eds.), New Nuclear Nations ‐Consequences for US Policy, Council on Foreign Relations Press, New York, 1993, pp.272.

Peter Van Ham, Managing Non‐Proliferation Regimes in the 1990s, Council on Foreign Relations Press, New York, 1994, pp.112.     

Issues in Australian Foreign Policy January to June 2001

The first half of 2001 saw traditional issues dominating the foreign policy agenda, with both Australia's relationship with the United States and the policy of Asian engagement still holding centre stage. But those old issues generated fresh anxieties. In the United States, the incoming Bush administration displayed a genuine radicalism in its approach to foreign policy, and that raised concerns in many Western capitals — including Canberra — about a new mood of unilateralism in Washington. At the same time, the emergence of the thesis that Australia was becoming a "branch office economy", where key decisions were taken in the capital markets of New York and London, made the government noticeably more cautious and selective in its endorsement of globalisation. Further, the issue of Asian engagement grew steadily more complex: Australian policy-makers searched unsuccessfully for a new focus for the policy of Asian engagement, as Japan's economy wallowed and Indonesia's democratic government tottered.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: BECKER, Uwe and Herman M. SCHWARTZ (eds.)(2005). Employment ‘Miracles’. A Critical Comparison of the Dutch, Scandinavian, Swiss, Australian and Irish Cases versus Germany and the US. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 287 pages. CHABAL, Patrick and Jean‐Pascal DALOZ (2006). Culture Troubles. Politics and the Interpretation of Meaning. London: Hurst & Company, 395 pages. KOOPMANS, Ruud, Paul STATHAM, Marco GIUGNI and Florence PASSY (2005). Contested Citizenship: Immigration and Cultural Diversity in Europe. Minneapolis, London: University of Minnesota Press, 312 pages. OBINGER, Herbert, Stephan LEIBFRIED and Francis G. CASTLES (eds.) (2005). Federalism and the Welfare State. New World and European Experiences. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 380 pages.     

Old and New Forms of Civic Engagement

Maxwell A. Cameron, Eric Hershberg, and Kenneth E. Sharpe, eds., New Institutions for Participatory Democracy in Latin America: Voice and Consequence. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. Tables, figures, bibliography, index, 263 pp.; hardcover $100, paperback $30. Jean‐Paul Faguet, Decentralization and Popular Democracy: Governance from Below in Bolivia. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2012. Maps, tables, figures, bibliography, index, 372 pp.; hardcover $85, paperback $35, e‐book $35. Sharon F. Lean, Civil Society and Electoral Accountability in Latin America. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Tables, figures, bibliography, index, 197 pp.; hardcover $95; ebook. Eduardo Silva, ed., Transnational Activism and National Movements in Latin America: Bridging the Divide. New York: Routledge, 2013. Tables, figures, bibliography, index, 212 pp.; hardcover $140, paperback $42.95. Guillermo Trejo, Popular Movements in Autocracies: Religion, Repression, and Indigenous Collective Action in Mexico. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Maps, tables, figures, bibliography, index, 339 pp.; hardcover $109.99, paperback $27.99, e‐book $22.     

Answering the “International Call”: Contextualising Sydney Anti-Nuclear and Anti-War Activism in the 1960s

Although recent work on protest in the 1960s has placed organised opposition to the war in Vietnam in a transnational context, there is as yet no history of the Australian anti-nuclear campaigns of the early years of the decade. By examining anti-nuclear activism in 1961 and 1962 in relation to anti-war protest in 1965 and 1966, this paper argues that Sydney activists understood themselves as part of a transnational protest movement well before they began to agitate against military involvement in Vietnam. Lessons learnt while mounting solidarity protests with the British Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament informed the repertoire of practice that Australian anti-war activists used to mount their protests against the conflict in Indochina.     

A bibliography of southern Kurdish, 1937–1944

South Asia

Afghanistan. By Donald N. Wilber. New Haven, Connecticut: Human Relations Area Files Press, 1962. Pp. 320. Illus. Sketch map. Tables. Bibliog. Index. $8.75.

The Land and People of Afghanistan. By Mary Louise Clifford. New York: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1962. Pp. 160. Illus. Sketch map. Index. $3.25.

Himalaya. Mountains of Destiny. By Walter Leifer. Trans, from the German by Ursula Prideaux. London: Galley Press Ltd., 1962. Pp. x + 169. Illus. Index. 25s.

The Foundations of New India. By K. M. Panikkar. London: Allen &; Unwin, 1963. Pp. 259. Index. 25s.

Reporting India. By Taya Zinkin. London: Chatto and Windus. 1962. Pp.224. Index. 25s.

South‐West Asia

Between Arab and Israeli. By E. L. M. Burns. London: Harrap and Co. 1962. Pp. 336. Illus. Maps. Bibliog. Index. 25s.

Golden River to Golden Road. Society, Culture and Change in the Middle East By Raphael Patai. Pennsylvania University Press; London: Oxford University Press, 1962. Pp. 422. Maps. Tables. Index. 60s.

South‐East Asia

A History of Malaya (revised and enlarged). By Richard O. Winstedt. Singapore, Marican Press, 1962, Pp. 288. Illus. Chronological and Genealogical Tables. Bibliog. Index.

Far East

Yellow Creek. The Story of Shanghai. By J. V. Davidson‐Houston. London: Putnam, 1962. Pp. 198. Illus. Bibliog. Index. 30s.

The Red Army of China. By Edgar O'Ballance. London: Faber and Faber, 1962. Pp. 232. Sketch map. Appendices. Index. 30s.

Biography and Autobiography

The Nehrus. Motilal and Jawaharlal. By B. R. Nanda. London: Allen and ” Clemency “ Canning. By Michael Maclagan. London: Macmillan. 1962. Pp. xvi + 420. Illus. Maps. Bibliog. Index. 45s.

Charles Grant and British Rule in India. By Ainslie Embree. London: Allen and Unwin. 1962. Pp. 320. 42s.

Tamburlaine the Conqueror. By Hilda Hookham. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1962. Pp. xv+ 322. Maps. Illus. Bibliog. Index. 35s.

Biography of Yu‐Wen Hu. Translated and annotated by Albert E. Dien (Chinese Dynastic Histories Translations No. 9). University of California Press, 1962. Pp. 165. $2.50

History and Bibliography

Historians of the Middle East. Edited by Bernard Lewis and P. M. Holt. London : Oxford University Press. 1962. Pp. 519. Index. 50s.

History of the Second World War. The War Against Japan, Vol. III. Ed. by S. Woodburn Kirby. H.M. Stationery Office. 1961. Pp. xix + 530. Illus. Maps. Bibliog. Index. 63s.

The Great Arab Conquests. By Sir John Bagot Glubb. London: Hodder and Stoughton. 1963. Pp. 384. Maps. Index. 35s.

Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion 1250–1276. By Jacques Gernet. Trans. from the French by H. M. Wright. London: Allen and Unwin, 1962. Pp. 254. Illus. Sketch map. Index. 28s.

Sun Tzu. The Art of War. Translated and with an introduction by General Samuel B. Griffith. With a foreword by B. H. Liddell Hart. London: Oxford University Press, 1963. Pp. 197. Maps. Bibliog. Index. 35s.

Mughal Bibliography. Select Persian sources for the study of Mughals in India. By Vicaji D. B. Taraporevala and D. N. Marshall. Bombay: The New Book Co. Private Ltd. 1962. Pp. viii + 164.

Religion and Philosophy

Islam. Its meaning for modern man. By Muhammad Zafrulla Khan. (Religious Perspectives 7.) London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962. Pp. 216. Bibliog. Index. 18s.

Islamic Philosophy and Theology. By W. Montgomery Watt. (Islamic Surveys I.) London: Edinburgh University Press, 1962. Pp. 196. Bibliog. Index. 21s.

A. S. Tritton

Studies on the Civilization of Islam. By H. A. R. Gibb. Edited by Stanford Shaw and William Polk. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962. Pp. 369. Index. 35s.

Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798–1939. By Albert Hourani. London: Oxford University Press for the Royal Institute of International Affairs. Pp. 403. Index. 42s.

Muslim Education in Medieval Times. By Bayard Dodge. The Middle East Institute, Washington D.C. 1962. Pp. 119. Biblio. Index. $3.75.

Travel

Russian Panorama. By K. P. S. Menon. London: Oxford University Press, 1963. Pp. 378. Illus. Map end‐papers. Index. 25s.

Indonesia: Troubled Paradise. By Reba Lewis. London: Robert Hale. 1962. Pp. 186. Illus. Maps. Index. 21s.

Siam: Land of Temples. By John Audric. London: Robert Hale, 1962. Pp. 184. Illus. Index.     

A Diarist in the Cabinet: Lord Derby and the Australian Colonies 1882-85

Of several diarists in the second Gladstone Ministry, the most assiduous was Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby. As Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1882-85, he encountered unexpected difficulties in his relations with the self-governing colonies in the south Pacific. He handled tactfully royal involvement in vice-regal appointments, encouraged the first moves towards Australian federation, and persuaded Gladstone to accept the offer of colonial troops for the Sudan. However, in responding cautiously to French and German expansionism in the Pacific, he alienated and infuriated the Australian colonists. Derby's diaries and letters reveal that, while scornful of Australian territorial ambitions and dismissive of the imperial romanticism of some of his colleagues, he was anxious to conciliate the Australian colonies, especially with regard to New Guinea.     

Eco‐Cultural Networks and the British Empire: New Views on Environmental History

Eco‐Cultural Networks and the British Empire: New Views on Environmental History. Edited by James Beattie, Edward Melillo and Emily O'Gorman (London, New Delhi, New York and Sydney: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015), pp. xvi + 323. 20 Illustrations. £65.00 (cloth).     

Australian‐Asian Sociability,Student Activism,and the University Challenge to White Australia in the 1950s

During the 1950s, staff, students and graduates of Australian universities were increasingly critical of the racial restrictions on immigration, and their activism contributed to a broader government and community reassessment of the White Australia Policy. Personal experiences of cross‐cultural interactions between Australian students and an increasing number of international students from Asia, including those sponsored by the Australian government's Colombo Plan, underpinned the university challenge to immigration policy. Tertiary curriculum offering new academic interpretations of Asian history and decolonisation also contributed to a growing awareness among university‐educated Australians of Asia, and fostered empathy for its peoples. The publications of the Immigration Reform Group extended this critique of White Australia, and were driven by a moral indignation towards a policy that affected individuals personally known to the critics.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this issue. Daniela Campello, The Politics of Market Discipline in Latin America: Globalization and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015. Figures, tables, notes, bibliography, index, 239 pp.; hardcover $78.42, paperback $29.99, Kindle $98.40. Eduardo Dargent, Technocracy and Democracy in Latin America: The Experts Running Government. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015. Tables, figures, bibliography, index. 216 pp.; hardcover $90, ebook $72. Ana Lorena De La O, Crafting Policies to End Poverty in Latin America: The Quiet Transformation. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015. Figures, tables, bibliography, index, 194 pp.; hardcover $84.99, ebook $68. Jorge Heine and Brigitte Weiffen, 21st Century Democracy Promotion in the Americas: Standing Up for the Polity. New York: Routledge, 2015. Abbreviations, tables, bibliography, index, 196 pp.; hardcover $130, paperback $47. Juan Pablo Luna, Segmented Representation: Political Party Strategies in Unequal Democracies. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. Tables, maps, figures, bibliography, indexes, 374 pp.; hardcover $115, ebook. Stephen Offutt, New Centers of Global Evangelicalism in Latin America and Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015. Map, tables, abbreviations, appendixes, bibliography, index, 192 pp.; hardcover $90, ebook $72. Mariela Szwarcberg, Mobilizing Poor Voters: Machine Politics, Clientelism, and Social Networks in Argentina. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2015. Figures, tables, maps, notes, bibliography, index, 185 pp.; hardcover $89.99, paperback $32.99, ebook $26. Brian Wampler, Activating Democracy in Brazil: Popular Participation, Social Justice, and Interlocking Institutions. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2015. Tables, figures, abbreviations, notes, bibliography, index, 312 pp.; paperback $39, pdf $39. Graham Denyer Willis, The Killing Consensus: Police, Organized Crime, and the Regulation of Life and Death in Urban Brazil. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014. Tables, figures, notes, bibliography, index, 216 pp.; hardcover $70, paperback $29.95, ebook $29.95. Morris Morley and Chris McGillion, Reagan and Pinochet: The Struggle over U.S. Policy Toward Chile. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015. Abbreviations, acronyms, bibliography, index, 354 pp.; hardcover $95, paperback $34.99, ebook $28.     

Book Reviews

Encountering Terra Australis: The Australian Voyages of Nicolas Baudin and Matthew Flinders. By Jean Fornasiero, Peter Monteath and John West‐Sooby Hill End: An Historic Australian Goldfields Landscape. By Alan Mayne Professional Savages: Captive Lives and Western Spectacle. By Roslyn Poignant So Monstrous a Travesty: Chris Watson and the World's First National Labour Government. By Ross McMullin On The War Path: An Anthology of Australian Military Travel. Edited by Robin Gerster and Peter Pierce Radical Brisbane: an Unruly History. Edited by Raymond Evans and Carole Ferrier Jessie Street: A Revised Autobiography. Edited by Lenore Coltheart Kisch in Australia: The Untold Story. By Heidi Zogbaum Freedom Ride: a Freedom Rider Remembers. By Ann Curthoys The Power of Speech: Australian Prime Ministers Defining the National Image. By James Curran Latham and Abbott. By Michael Duffy From Camp to Queer: Remaking the Australian Homosexual. By Robert Reynolds The West New Guinea Debacle: Dutch Decolonisation and Indonesia, 1945‐1962. By C.L.M. Penders The Western Front: Battle Ground and Home Front in the First World War. By Hunt Tooley The Justicing Notebook (1750‐64) of Edmund Tew (Publications of the Surtees Society, vol. 205.) Edited by Gwenda Morgan and Peter Rushton British Clubs and Societies, 1580‐1800: The Origins of an Associational World. By Peter Clark Soldier and Peasant in French Popular Culture, 1766‐1870. By David M. Hopkin Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe. By Alexander Grab Hitler's Last Chief of Foreign Intelligence. Allied Interrogations of Walter Schellenberg. Edited by Reinhard R. Doerries War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race. By Edwin Black A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples. By Ilan Pappe Subverting Colonial Authority: Challenges to Spanish Rule in Eighteenth‐Century Southern Andes. By Sergio Serulnikov Honour Among Nations? Treaties and Agreements with Indigenous People. By Marcia Langton, Maureen Tehan, Lisa Palmer and Kathryn Shain     

The Double Delegitimatisation of Julia Gillard: Gender,the Media,and Australian Political Culture

This article explores Australian media coverage of Julia Gillard's leadership. It employs a comparative discourse analysis of the gendered nature of media reporting on her sexism and misogyny speech and eventual demise. The article places these gendered framings within two contexts: that of the more general gendered expectations of the double bind facing all women leaders; and the more specific challenge to Australia's women leaders, posed by exclusivist national identity narratives. These narratives — of mateship, the ANZAC myth, and various apparently ideal‐type masculinities — serve to further disassociate Australian women from positions of national leadership. Together, we argue that the twin constraints of gender expectations and exclusivist national identity narratives amounted to a double delegitimisation of Julia Gillard's leadership, on the basis of her being a woman leader, generally, and an Australian woman leader, specifically.     

‘Too Much French,but a Swell Exhibit’: Representing Lebanon at the New York World's Fair 1939–1940*

This article investigates the participation of Lebanon in the 1939 New York World's Fair. Through an analysis of the preparations in Lebanon, the inauguration ceremony of the pavilion in New York and its displayed content, three main themes are highlighted. First, the article focuses on the relationship between French colonial conduct and its impact on Lebanese elites. Second, it demonstrates the complexity of inter and intra-sectarian dynamics in Lebanon; and third, it discusses the much disputed national narrative of Lebanon as displayed in the pavilion.     

Thailand's Theory of Monarchy: The Vessantara Jataka and the Idea of the Perfect Man

Thailand's Theory of Monarchy: The Vessantara Jataka and the Idea of the Perfect Man . By Patrick Jory (New York: SUNY Press, 2016), £62.93 (hb), £17.75 (pb).     

“Dished like a dinner” by the Victorians? The 1899 Seat of Government Compact and its Repercussions in the early Australian Commonwealth

At a “secret” conference in January‐February 1899, the premiers of the Australian colonies agreed on an amendment to the draft Commonwealth Constitution Bill to grant New South Wales the permanent seat of government in the Australian federation. One of the conditions placed on that concession, however, was that Melbourne would initially host the Commonwealth parliament. Spanning the decade from that agreement to the Commonwealth parliament's selection in 1908 of Canberra as the site for the permanent federal capital, this paper shows that the compact on the seat of government provoked powerful resentments in New South Wales and especially Sydney because of the political and material advantages it was seen to have conferred on Melbourne. While the paper argues that resentment was actuated by residual anti‐federal sentiment and regional chauvinism, it also suggests that hosting the legislature did promote Victoria's pre‐eminence in the early Commonwealth and had enduring effects on the nation. In doing so, it speaks to the shaping influence of place and distance in Australian history.