管制性征收主导判断规则的形成——对美国联邦最高法院典型判例的评介

管制性征收制度肇始于美国,通过梳理联邦最高法院关于管制性征收的典型判例可以发现,以"价值减损程度"为核心的两要素标准,结合特定事实审查,已成为判断管制性征收的主导性标尺。管制行为导致相对人合法权益受损的问题在我国也已大量出现,从美国私人财产权保护运作中汲取有益因素,可以对解决中国的征收问题有所启发。     

论农地的公益性及农地征收中的公益衡量

我国的农地是农民集体与集体成员的财产而不是公共财产,但同时却承载着法律保护的公共利益,如经济安全、环境保护与社会稳定.因此,农地征收内含着目的公益与客体公益的冲突与平衡问题.鉴于我国现行农地征收制度与实践对农地公益保护的不足,建议未来的集体土地征收立法改进农地公益保护模式,提高农地征收的公益标准,仅将重大公益作为农地征收的目的要件,严格控制重大公益的范围,并健全公益审查程序,以实现农地公益与征收公益的平衡.     

论征收中公共利益的验证标准与司法审查

公共利益原则是不动产征收中的重要原则,也是规制征收权的基本手段。公共利益具有不确定性,立法上无法对其作出准确界定,因此,应当确立一些具有可操作性的具体验证标准,以考量不动产征收是否符合公共利益原则的要求。同时,为使公共利益的验证标准发挥作用,应当构建一种有效运作的动态机制,即建立公共利益司法审查制度,赋予法院对征收之公益目的性以司法审查权和积极审查职责。     

全球化背景下政府管制的冲突与协调——以涉外经济管理规范为视角

各国涉外经济管理规范(本文称为"管理性规范")之间的冲突其实质是政府管制冲突在法学领域的体现.管理性规范发生冲突的原因在于公法的域外适用、管辖权的重叠与规范的竟合.管理性规范之问的冲突主要表现为不同规范在适用上的冲突,这种适用上的冲突将导致当事人面临不合理的权利受限或义务叠加.管理性规范的冲突主要发生在反垄断、税收、金融监管等领域.解决管理性规范冲突的途径主要包括:立法协调、管辖权的协调、跨国执法合作、放松政府管制.     

论征收中“公共利益”界定的程序机制

公益征收中公共利益的界定需要一种程序机制。程序论公共利益理论具有悠久的历史传统。公共利益界定的程序设计,首先要解决的是界定的主体问题,其次才涉及到具体程序机制的设计。公共利益之界定主体的选择是一个宪法分权问题,须由立法、行政、司法机关通力协作。我国公益征收法上公共利益界定的具体程序机制设计,必须解决好三个问题:一是把公共利益调查与审查作为征收决定做出前的一个独立程序阶段;二是把民主商谈确立为公益界定必须遵守的实质性程序原则;三是把公共利益听证确立为公益界定中必须遵循的一个程序环节。     

论公益机构行为的司法审查范围

德国的特别权力关系及其修正理论、英国的公共职能理论、法国的公务理论和美国的多元标准理论为法院判断公益机构行为的司法审查范围提供了有效的方法。我国的授权理论在判断公益机构行为的司法审查范围问题时缺乏明确性和可操作性。充分借鉴国外成功经验 ,确定公共职能理论作为判断公益机构行为的司法审查范围之理论 ;确立限制公益机构行为的司法审查范围标准以及修改行政诉讼法若干条款以适应公共职能理论 ,从而为人民法院判断公益机构行为的司法审查范围提供解决途径。     

浅谈我国公益征收的补偿制度

公益征收补偿原则是公益征收制度最为核心的问题,行政补偿应以民法赔偿范围为基础,以充分填补当事人损失为原则.我国的公民财产权补偿原则和标准方面存在着诸多缺陷,基于公益征收之特殊性及现实条件限制,现实的补偿只能是不断接近理想补偿的公正性补偿。     

管制性征收与警察权行使的区分标准

《美国宪法》征收条款自1791年生效以来,纵然只有简短的几十个单词,但美国法院却能够游刃有余地处理各类征收案件,应用管制性征收制度较好地实现了政府权力与私人财产权的衡平.我国与征收有关的法律规定虽多,拒不搬迁、上访、当众喊冤、围堵政府与法院等恶性事件却呈现高发态势,值得我们深思.应当借鉴美国经验,结合我国具体实践,把对财产权施加的限制和负担行为界定为征收,并设立以“不当行为”为中心的管制性征收标准,尽快解决我国经济发展过程中因总体城市规划、兴建公共基础设施、城镇化等所引发的征收问题,切实保护私人财产权,适当限制政府权力.     

论美国管制征收的认定标准

管制征收是在政府管制日益增多的情况下,为了保障私人使用不动产的权益而在美国产生的一种新型的征收理论。只有符合一定的标准才能认定政府对私人使用不动产的管制转化为征收,即出现了管制征收。美国管制征收的认定由价值减损标准、违宪条件标准、明确的投资回报期待以及政府行为的性质等四个主要标准来认定。     

确定“管制性征收”的坐标系简

“管制性征收”是典型征收之外的征收，美国联邦最高法院交替适用三个坐标系来判断管制是否构成征收：实体性正当程序是手段和目的构成的坐标系，平均利益互惠是负担与利益构成的坐标系。权利柬是被剥夺的利益与财产的全部利益构成的坐标系。中国法上存在管制性征收的情形，但法院不使用管制性征收的概念，确定“管制性征收”的坐标系有利于管制性征收概念的构建。     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark

As part of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL) under the European Commission's Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme [I.M. Bernhoft, Drugs in accidents involved drivers in Denmark, D-R4.3 of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods Of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL), www.immortal.or.at, 2005], a study regarding drugs in accident-involved drivers was carried out in Denmark. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to collect and analyse samples from injured drivers for the presence of drugs; (2) to give an indication whether drugs may have contributed to traffic accidents; and (3) to get information on the drug-positive drivers and their drug use. This paper focuses on objective 1. Injured drivers who were treated in hospital were asked to give a saliva sample, a blood sample or both. The samples were screened for the following substances: opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, incl. MDMA (ecstasy), cannabinoids and metabolites, cocaine and metabolites and benzodiazepines. Screenings were carried out by means of Cozart Microplate EIA kit. Positive screenings were confirmation analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In total, 26 out of 330 patients were confirmed positive for one or more of the six drug groups. However, three patients were excluded from the survey for various reasons. Of the remaining 23 drug-positive patients 15 were found positive for one drug group, and in five of these cases alcohol was present in a concentration over the legal limit in Denmark (0.05%). The other eight patients were found positive for two drug groups, and in four of these cases, alcohol was also present in a concentration over the legal limit. Alcohol was found both in combinations with medicinal drugs, with illegal drugs and with both. Based on the saliva or blood concentrations, we estimate that there is a strong suspicion of impairment in 9 out of 23 cases, and in another six cases it was likely that the drivers were impaired.     

Competence in caring in legal practice

This article is concerned with the stories of female solicitors working in Queensland, Australia, and their account of ethics in practice. These narratives were sought and made in the context of our project investigating complaints received against practitioners in this jurisdiction. Our interviews with female lawyers were intended to provide more insight into complaints matters. Yet this discussion revealed broader insights into ethical questions about the nature of lawyer–client relationships and legal professionalism. This article considers these accounts by reflecting on the concept of ‘care’ and its fit with legal practice requirements today. In doing so, we consider the difficult gendered question of the relationship between caring and ‘women's’ practice. We do not assert a true woman's working style; we seek to contextualise our empirical research by tracing the complex effect of gender on lawyering roles. Finally, we suggest that the adoption of caring practice is a valid approach to lawyering and call for a caring approach to be re-valued in the legal professional context as an ethical proposition.     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.