论新时代中国环境法学研究的转型

新时代我国社会的主要矛盾、环境法治客观条件与话语体系发生深刻变化,环境法学研究须予以适时因应。环境法学的核心范畴、研究方法与基本话语廓清了新时代环境法学研究格局。作为环境法学研究逻辑起点和环境法律现象认知的中介概念--核心范畴及其建构须对新时代的转型需求予以回应,从一元的权利或义务本位走向二元的"权利-义务"范畴。环境法治客观条件的变化凸显环境法律制度的体系化需求,这意味着环境法学研究方法须对环境法律制度体系化予以关照,环境法学方法本身也应走向科学化与层次化。中国环境法学研究要走出西方话语禁锢,实现话语自觉,建构中国学术话语权,必然需要回归到中国环境法学话语的主体性特征,走向中国环境法治问题的田野,充分理解和利用中国环境法治资源,坚持开放并蓄的话语立场。     

建构中国式现代化法治话语体系——第十四届全国法律修辞学学术会议述评

建构中国式现代化法治话语体系是法治现代化建设的一项重大时代课题。深刻认识中国式法治现代化、努力实现国家各项工作法治化、充分彰显法治现代化建设的中国性,需要法治话语体系提供有力的话语引导与支撑。在我国,深厚的历史文化底蕴、科学的法治理论指引、革新的法治建设经验、先进的法治理念供给,为建构法治话语体系奠定了扎实基础、注入了强劲动力。建构中国式现代化法治话语体系,需要我们创新现代化的修辞表达,以法治话语叙说中国式现代化;塑造中国式的法理思维,用法治之理建构法治话语体系;提升法律方法的运用能力,拓展现代化语用的实践空间,增强话语体系的应用效能与实际影响力。     

论中国特色人权话语体系逻辑构成

新时代中国特色社会主义思想,为中国特色人权话语体系指明了方向,中国特色人权话语体系建构是新时代中国特色社会主义思想的一个重要组成部分。从历史背景来看,西方人权话语曾一度左右国际秩序与人权话语"西强中弱"态势。从理念来看,新时代中国特色社会主义思想是建构的指导理念;从原则来看,主体性、平等性、差异性、开放性原则是建构的原则;从内部构造来看,人权话语构造结构、逻辑、诠释与途径是构造的内容;从表达来看,多方合力表达关系、人权符号与人权话语转换是建构的表达;从功能来看,提升中国特色人权话语体系国际影响力、促进全球人权治理与促进概念人权向制度人权转化是建构的功能。就论证内部逻辑构成来说,其背景、理念与原则是总纲性内容,而人权话语构造结构、诠释与途径是具体内容,人权符号与人权话语转换则是表达功能,从而有机形成了中国特色人权话语体系逻辑构成关系。     

身份、道德与自由契约——儒家学说的制度性解读

儒家学说通过一整套身份等级和道德话语的建构,有效地维护了传统中国社会的秩序。之前的很多研究都认为,基于身份等级和道德话语的秩序建构落后于基于自由、平等和权利话语的契约建构,历史是一种从"身份"到"契约"的运动。但是,纯粹的自由平等契约依赖于一个全能型的公共权力或一个信息完全的社会,这实际上不可能实现。同时,自由主义道德哲学和政治哲学宣称的平等缔结契约的机会与能力也并不成立。通过自然身份和道德话语的建构,儒家创造了一种有效的契约模式,最大限度地促进了传统中国社会中人们之间的合作。在现代社会中,身份并没有褪去,反而变得更为复杂。基于身份、道德和契约的考察,有助于思考儒家思想在现代的阐释可能和方向。     

扎实推进社会主义文化强国建设思想的价值逻辑——建构中国特色社会主义文化话语体系的理论特色

党的十八大报告把中国特色社会主义文化建设推向了一个新的高度。＂扎实推进社会主义文化强国建设＂思想凝结着中国共产党文化建设思想的智慧,体现了建构中国特色社会主义文化话语体系理论特色的价值逻辑。其蕴含的新观点、新精髓、新思路、新提法,丰富了建构社会主义文化话语体系的先进特色、民族特色、和谐特色、时代特色的重要理论内涵。新观点体现了建构中国特色社会主义文化话语体系先进特色的价值目标。新精髓形成了建构中国特色社会主义文化话语体系民族特色的理论核心。新思路体现了建构中国特色社会主义文化话语体系和谐特色的发展导向。新提法体现了建构中国特色社会主义文化话语体系时代特色的实践创新。     

从西方人权话语拓展看中国人权话语的国际化

西方人权话语拓展的主要方式是软渗透和硬介入。软渗透表现为通过西方人权"区域理念--区域规则--国际规则--国内规则"的规范扩散,推动非西方国家接受由西方主导建构起来的国际人权规范体系,形成对西方人权话语的法律确信,最终实现"西方人权国际化"和"国际人权国内化"。硬介入表现为通过政治、军事、经济、外交等方式强行推动非西方国家接受西方人权话语并将之纳入国内法律秩序,加速了西方人权国际化。西方人权话语拓展引起"它变"和"自变"效果。一方面,面对软渗透和硬介入,非西方国家或者被动接受,或者借助条约批准、保留等国际法手段予以选择性认同或变通,甚至提出竞争性替代话语加以对冲。另一方面,西方人权话语也在内外因素下不断自我调适,逐步提升可接受性。中国对外拓展人权话语,应充分利用"百年未有之大变局"带来的战略机遇期,借助政治、经济、文化等多种途径,加速国际人权话语格局的变革;尽快形成以发展主义权利观为核心的人权话语体系,并通过对话来增进中国人权话语的价值共识;坚持发挥规范性力量的作用,学会利用国际法律机制,着力提升在国际人权体系内将中国理念和话语转化为国际规则以及保障国际规则被遵守的制度能力。     

建国以来警政文本的叙事话语及其实践析评——以20次全国公安会议为视角

透过文本、话语实践和社会实践三个向度,我们发现建国以来20次全国公安会议警政文本的核心话语经历了革命→治安→服务→稳定的发展演变过程,其演进是建国后三代政治精英治国理政话语的基本反映和重要支持。警政话语及其实践的发展流变始终围绕着政治合法性展开,而决定政治合法性建构的核心因素是经济社会变迁,因此,自觉地吻合、满足经济社会需要是警政话语及其实践的首要规定性。     

陪审民主话语的历史建构及实践基础

对待陪审制度的民主话语,要以历史的眼光来看。近代陪审制度民主话语在世界范围内的勃兴基本源于资产阶级革命的政治斗争需要而被人为建构起来。陪审制度本身和民主并没有必然的联系,在一个国家实现政治民主的条件下,陪审制度才可能具有民主的意义。陪审制度民主话语的实践基础是政治民主。就中国现阶段而言,我们应该摆脱对人民陪审员制度价值民主层面的单纯追求,应该从更务实的角度认识和提升该项制度,把人民陪审员制度当作一项社会整合的技术。     

政治话语的转译与实践——以梁启超为例

西方的政治话语,根本上源于对西方宪制语境下的文化传统及价值标准的体察与适应。然而,自从梁启超试图将西方的民主思想在凝聚国家"群"力的目的之下予以转译,法治之于中国的实践道路则呈现出与之完全不同的样态。西方的成功经验只是为中国指引了一个理想化的方向,而那种基于文化与制度的中国性认知,则为清末救亡语境下梁启超所进行的政治话语转译与实践提供了另一种叙事的可能。     

社会动态稳定的治理建构

关于中国社会稳定已有两种观点,一种观点强调中国存在一系列挑战国家权力和破坏社会关系的冲突事件,社会稳定危机密布;另一种观点强调由于中国政治权力的排他性和封闭性,社会处于刚性稳定的风险状态。但是,实践表明中国虽存在一系列社会冲突,却没有爆发整体治理危机,而是呈现动态稳定的局面。这种社会动态稳定源于官民分治、全面维稳、话语反制和策略变通四个方面的治理建构,它们分别发挥着政治风险阻断、体制力量联动、德治形象构建和实用主义稳控的作用。这一发现为理解社会动态稳定及政府在社会风险应对中的治理建构提供了启发。     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark

As part of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL) under the European Commission's Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme [I.M. Bernhoft, Drugs in accidents involved drivers in Denmark, D-R4.3 of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods Of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL), www.immortal.or.at, 2005], a study regarding drugs in accident-involved drivers was carried out in Denmark. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to collect and analyse samples from injured drivers for the presence of drugs; (2) to give an indication whether drugs may have contributed to traffic accidents; and (3) to get information on the drug-positive drivers and their drug use. This paper focuses on objective 1. Injured drivers who were treated in hospital were asked to give a saliva sample, a blood sample or both. The samples were screened for the following substances: opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, incl. MDMA (ecstasy), cannabinoids and metabolites, cocaine and metabolites and benzodiazepines. Screenings were carried out by means of Cozart Microplate EIA kit. Positive screenings were confirmation analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In total, 26 out of 330 patients were confirmed positive for one or more of the six drug groups. However, three patients were excluded from the survey for various reasons. Of the remaining 23 drug-positive patients 15 were found positive for one drug group, and in five of these cases alcohol was present in a concentration over the legal limit in Denmark (0.05%). The other eight patients were found positive for two drug groups, and in four of these cases, alcohol was also present in a concentration over the legal limit. Alcohol was found both in combinations with medicinal drugs, with illegal drugs and with both. Based on the saliva or blood concentrations, we estimate that there is a strong suspicion of impairment in 9 out of 23 cases, and in another six cases it was likely that the drivers were impaired.     

Competence in caring in legal practice

This article is concerned with the stories of female solicitors working in Queensland, Australia, and their account of ethics in practice. These narratives were sought and made in the context of our project investigating complaints received against practitioners in this jurisdiction. Our interviews with female lawyers were intended to provide more insight into complaints matters. Yet this discussion revealed broader insights into ethical questions about the nature of lawyer–client relationships and legal professionalism. This article considers these accounts by reflecting on the concept of ‘care’ and its fit with legal practice requirements today. In doing so, we consider the difficult gendered question of the relationship between caring and ‘women's’ practice. We do not assert a true woman's working style; we seek to contextualise our empirical research by tracing the complex effect of gender on lawyering roles. Finally, we suggest that the adoption of caring practice is a valid approach to lawyering and call for a caring approach to be re-valued in the legal professional context as an ethical proposition.     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.