Pitfalls in the diagnosis of drug smuggler's abdomen

Narcotics "body packing" can be detected in abdominal X-rays by the ring shadow caused by air trapped in the packs. In a series of 82 cases admitted for abdominal X-ray in Helsinki, Finland, in 1982 through 1988, we encountered 9 (11.0%) true positives, 3 (3.6%) false positives, and 1 (1.2%) false negative. The false positives were due to the constipation often associated with the narcotics abuse. The false negative X-ray diagnosis was attributable to an inexperienced radiologist. False negatives may also be associated with packets containing marijuana, packs with few wrappings, aluminum-foil coated packs, and machine-packed narcotics. Searching for trapped air in radiographs, repeated X-raying by an experienced radiologist, use of computed tomography, or combined urinary drug screening may be applied to diminish false findings and to avoid unnecessary arrest for the purpose of fecal screening over several days.     

The application of "CrimeLite" to examination of computer components "in situ".

The authors consider the problem of identifying potential fingerprints and other marks in a computer system, having regard for the damage which conventional print enhancement techniques may cause. They evaluate a non-invasive method of mark location and recommend a new procedure for the handling of digital evidence sources which may contain "conventional" evidence.     

"Swinging in the park". An investigation of an autoerotic death

Death during autoerotic episodes is of special concern to law enforcement officials, the coroner or medical examiner, the family of the decedent, and to society as a whole. As in the probing of any violent demise, accurate preservation of all evidentiary material, complete photographic documentation, reconstruction of the scene, and interviews with family and acquaintances ("psychological autopsy") are mandatory for proper completion of the case. A recent, atypical instance of sexual asphyxia arising from a bizarre incident exemplifies the foregoing dicta and provides a vivid example of "psychopathia sexualis."     

Luke May of Seattle--"America's Sherlock Holmes".

This paper provides a brief biography of Luke S. May (1886-1965), whose pioneering work in forensic science in the United States has not received full recognition. May began as a private detective in Salt Lake City, Utah, shortly after the turn of the century and later established his own agency, the Revelare International Secret Service, which he moved to Seattle, Washington, in 1919. Although basically self-taught in scientific matters, May built a solid reputation among police agencies and attorneys in the Pacific Northwest and Western Canada as a serious and effective scientific investigator in the era before public crime laboratories. This reputation as "America's Sherlock Holmes" also led to his being consulted on the establishment of the first American crime laboratory at Northwestern University in Chicago, Illinois, and on a laboratory for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police at Regina, in Saskatchewan, Canada. He contributed to a landmark case of court acceptance of toolmark identification, invented specialized instruments, and founded an institute to teach scientific criminal investigation to police officers. His earliest associates were John L. Harris and J. Clark Sellers, both of whom became recognized document examiners on the West Coast and were followed by a second and a third generation of practitioners.     

Pitfalls in diagnosis of occupational lung disease for purposes of compensation--one physician's perspective

Occupational caused lung disease (OLD) is almost always compensable, either by application to workers' compensation agencies or by a civil lawsuit. For this reason the diagnosis usually comes under close scrutiny. Several pitfalls can occur when a physician diagnoses a patient as having lung disease of occupational origin, especially when compensation is at issue. These pitfalls can trap both the attorney advocate and his client, and lead to a result opposite of that intended (e.g., the claim one supports can be denied). For purposes of discussion I have categorized the pitfalls as follows: A. Making an unsupported medical diagnosis (looking for a "quick fix"). B. Echoing an unsupported diagnosis made by someone else. C. Inadequate clarification of 'impairment' and 'disability.' D. Ignoring or minimizing relevant medical history. E. Arguing against yourself. F. Ignoring the possibility of a rare or unusual diagnosis. G. Not obtaining or reviewing independent chest x-rays and reports. H. Attributing causation with certainty when it is unwarranted by the facts. I. Relying on a claimant's own smoking history. J. Misinterpreting pulmonary function and arterial blood gas tests. K. Missing the real cause of a patient's complaint. L. Diagnosing occupational lung disease without attempting to remove the patient from the cause. M. Confusion over basic terminology and pathophysiology in OLD. N. Using sloppy or incorrect language, including misspelling. O. Not saying "I don't know," when you don't know. Pitfalls in diagnosis generally arise from either physician bias or inadequate evaluation. Although most pitfalls seem to be made by physicians on the plaintiff's side, they are also made by physicians on the defendant's side, as when bias interferes with recognizing a condition that is occupational in origin. Ideally, the fact that diagnosis of OLD involves the legal profession should not affect a physician's objectivity or clinical approach. Physicians have an obligation to help assure that deserving patients receive compensation, and that claimants without a compensable occupational illness are not unjustly rewarded. However, the attorney's need to prove a diagnosis "with medical certainty," and the defendant's need to refute that diagnosis with equal certainty, often skew what would otherwise be a straightforward diagnostic process. Resulting pitfalls in diagnosis can, in the end, trap the physician advocate and the side he is trying to help.     

Evaluating DNA profiles in a case where the defence is "it was my brother".

The widespread application of DNA profiling has brought to some prominence the issue of close relatives sharing body fluid types. In a particular crime case it may be suggested that a close relative of the suspect was the person responsible. This paper explains how an assessment may be made in the context of single locus profiling and where the suggestion is that a full sibling is involved. A formula is established for the likelihood ratio which is then worked out in detail for the particular case where the suspect profile has two distinct bands. Generalization to other types of case is briefly explained and there is a short discussion of the impact of the evidence in the context of a trial. For all parties, justice will best be done if the scientist has ample notice, before the trial, of relationship issues such as this one.     

Pitfalls in the Interpretation of Traumatic Socioethnic Practices

The purpose of this case study was to raise awareness among forensic pathologists and medicolegal death investigators regarding two unique socioethnic practices and regional customs that have significant forensic implications. We present two cases involving coining (gua sha) and bloodletting (sapi) that represent two forms of traditional customs that involve the use of blunt force and sharp force trauma, respectively. In coining, the skin lesions are produced as a result of dermabrasion with oils and oval objects such as coin. In sapi, multiple superficial linear scrapes are made in the skin as part of a bloodletting ceremony. The identification of these lesions will prevent the interpretation of them as non‐voluntary‐inflicted trauma.     

试析垄断行业“福利腐败”的几个问题

“福利腐败”的本质是一种集体特权腐败,它的蔓延和扩散,隐含着许多危机,其产生的根源在于行业垄断,不透明所致。因此,消除垄断行业的“福利腐败”最根本的办法就是打破垄断,即引入市场竞争机制,对行业实行内外监管,健全法制,形成一种良好的舆论氛围。     

"Beaten to death". An autopsy series of homicidal blunt force injuries

Although gunshot is by far the most common means of homicide in the United States, significant numbers of homicides are also perpetrated by other means. Blunt-force injuries are produced by a variety of objects, including hands and feet and many different weapons. Some of these objects produce distinctive patterns of injury of potential evidentiary value. This paper presents a series of 20 consecutive blunt-force homicides in adults. Seventy percent (14 cases) of the victims were men. Thirty percent (six cases) followed an argument or altercation. A number of the weapons used were "weapons of opportunity" seized in the course of the incidents. Sixty-nine percent (nine cases) of known assailants were acquainted with their victims. Few characteristic patterned injuries were seen. Not surprisingly, craniocerebral trauma was the most common cause of death. One half (10 cases) the victims survived their assaults for varying periods of time. Homicides due to blunt-force injury still pose a significant challenge for the forensic pathologist, who must obtain a complete and accurate history of the fatal incident, interpret patterns of injury and other findings at autopsy, and correlate all of the findings to make an accurate ruling of the cause and manner of death.