激光拉曼光谱对苯骈杂氮（堇）类药物的定性检测

目的 建立用拉曼光谱检测苯骈杂氮革类药物的定性方法.方法 利用激光拉曼光谱仪对10种苯骈杂氮革类药物进行检验.结果 10种苯骈杂氮（萆）类药物的主成分均能被拉曼准确检出.结论 该法能较好地对苯骈杂氮革类药物固体样品快速定性分析.     

Policing Public Drugs Nuisance Through The Anti-Social Behaviour Legislation: Questions and Contradictions

This paper reports findings from a London-based study and provides evidence of rigorous law enforcement activity being enacted in drives to alleviate local areas of public drugs nuisance, namely the use of anti-social behaviour orders (ASBOs) and dispersal and banning orders, as well as the closure of 'crack houses'. The paper acknowledges these legislative tools were necessary to deal with the real life problems of visible drugs nuisance that had grown up in some communities, but it draws attention to the way these policing responses put already vulnerable, ill and highly disadvantaged drugs users at greater risk of marginalisation than they already experienced. Plus, the punitive reach of banning orders in the form of ASBOs and street-level policing which centres on minor drugs crimes enhances the criminalisation of low-level drugs offenders and heightened the likelihood of imprisonment. The author suggests a tension exists between community policing and the removal of visible public drug nuisance through pro-arrest strategies, and the wider government drugs policy which encourages multi-agency working to channel problem drugs users into appropriate treatment settings to assist in tackling drugs crime lifestyles.     

Drug abuse in western Denmark during the eighties. II. Fatal poisonings among drug abusers.

Cases of fatal poisoning among drug addicts (n = 246) and abusers of medical drugs (n = 138) are discussed on the basis of the availability of illicit and medical drugs during the eighties. Propoxyphene was frequently the cause of death among both drug addicts and abusers of medical drugs. Deaths caused by analgesics and psychoactive drugs, mainly barbiturates and antidepressants, predominated among abusers of medical drugs. During the late eighties the number of deaths caused by barbiturates and propoxyphene declined as a result of changes in the distribution regulations for both drugs. Heroin/morphine accounted for only one-third of the poisonings in drug addicts. No trends concerning the prevalence of deaths caused by these drugs were observed throughout the decade. The number of deaths caused by the synthetic opiates methadone and ketobemidone, however, increased during the late eighties, probably due to an increased availability of these drugs in the illicit drug market. Alcohol was detected in half of all the poisoning cases and benzodiazepines in one-third.     

A single-column procedure on Bond Elut Certify for systematic toxicological analysis of drugs in plasma and urine.

A single-column solid-phase extraction procedure was developed for the screening of acidic, neutral, and basic drugs from plasma. The recoveries of all 25 tested drugs exceeded 82%. After the plasma had been diluted with phosphate buffer (pH 6.0), the drugs were extracted using a single Bond Elut Certify column. The acidic and most of the neutral drugs were eluted by acetone/chloroform (1:1) and the basic drugs were eluted by 2% ammoniated ethyl acetate. Some neutral drugs appeared in both fractions. The two fractions were collected separately and evaporated until approximately 100 microL of solvent remained in the tube. Both fractions were analyzed separately on a gas chromatograph equipped with a wide-bore capillary column and a flame ionization detector. The procedure could also be used for urine samples.     

毒品问题与安全

毒品在全球泛滥,危害着人类安全;吸毒耗费了巨额财富,禁毒需要大量资金,毒品影响着各国经济发展。同时,制毒、贩毒助长国际恐怖活动的蔓延,使国家安全受到了威胁;毒品引发了各种犯罪与社会不稳定因素。冷战后国际禁毒合作加强,但由于毒品问题的跨国性、复杂性,毒品问题还将长期存在。     

定量检测毒品的蛋白芯片的研发

目的利用蛋白芯片技术建立一种快速、高通量的毒品定量检测方法。方法采用硝酸纤维膜作为蛋白芯片的基片,将多种毒品和蛋白偶联物抗原包被在芯片基片上后封闭,不同毒品的单克隆抗体与之结合,再用荧光染料Cy5标记的二抗孵育,样本中如果含有毒品成分,将会与包被的毒品偶联物竞争性地与毒品的抗体相结合,导致最终的荧光信号发生改变,荧光信号的变化与样品中的毒品的浓度相关。通过荧光芯片检测仪CCD可以进行定量分析,最终判断样本中毒品的含量。结果对506例样本进行定性定量检测,与GC-MS仪器比较后总相关性在88%以上,芯片的检测灵敏度比胶体金方法提高10倍,其检测的特异性达到99%。结论蛋白芯片是一种有效、准确的高通量检测毒品含量的方法。     

An epidemiological study on alcohol/drugs related fatal traffic crash cases of deceased drivers in Hong Kong between 1996 and 2000

This study is designed to evaluate the correlation between fatal vehicle crashes (FVC) and consumption of alcohol and/or drugs among drivers. Between 1996 and 2000 in Hong Kong, a total of 197 FVC cases of deceased drivers were investigated. The blood and/or urine samples of the victims were examined for the presence of alcohol and drugs. The 197 cases were then classified into two groups: single-vehicle crashes (SVC) and multiple-vehicle crashes (MVC). Out of the 106 cases for the latter group, alcohol and/or drugs were detected in 22 cases (21%) while the remaining 84 cases (79%) were regarded as no significant finding. As for the 91 cases in SVC group, 51 cases (56%) were positive for alcohol and/or drugs. The findings indicate that a driver consuming alcohol and/or drugs has a higher risk of being involved in a FVC. The most frequently detected drugs for SVC group (11 cases) were: 46% central nervous system (CNS) stimulants (including designer drugs like MDMA); 36% cannabis; 18% benzodiazepines and 9% ketamine. The detected drug for the only case in the MVC group was a CNS stimulant. The number of cases with ketamine, methamphetamine and MDMA detected has increased in recent years as these party drugs have gained popularity in Hong Kong.     

Driving and the combined use of drugs and alcohol in The Netherlands

The extent and nature of the use of medicinal drugs by drivers who had undergone a blood test on suspicion of driving under the influence of alcohol was ascertained by analysing some 40,000 case records in which the suspect had been questioned about the use of drugs. No chemical analyses were performed. 9.7% of the road users indicated that they used drugs in combination with alcohol, and more than 50% of the drugs used must be considered to have a negative impact on driving performance. The influence of the combined use of benzodiazepines and alcohol on behaviour was also investigated. The finding here was that drivers using these drugs should be warned against the consumption of alcohol.     

当今策划药的流行趋势

策划药是指在现有管制药物的分子结构中一些无关紧要的地方加以修饰，得到的一系列与原来的药物结构不同、效果却差不多甚至更强的“合法”药物。本文主要介绍了策划药的概念、发展历史、常见种类以及当今最流行的两种策划药，希望法庭科学人员能够对策划药有更多的认识和了解。     

试论制贩新型毒品犯罪的特点、原因及对策

受国际毒潮的渗透和影响,我国新型毒品违法犯罪来势凶猛、发展迅速,社会危害日显突出新型毒品制贩犯罪活动呈现出国际化、现代化等特征。造成新型毒品日益严重的原因主要是制造新型毒品的原材料易购、制造工艺简单、新型毒品的科技含量日益加强,而娱乐场所为新型毒品犯罪提供了理想的温床。对此,应广泛深入的发动群众,拓展宣传教育的深度和广度;依法严厉打击毒品犯罪;加快科技强警的步伐,为构建和谐社会创造良好的社会环境。     

Toxicological Findings in Fatal Motor Vehicle Collisions in Ontario,Canada: A One‐Year Study

Drug‐impaired driving is a complex area of forensic toxicology due in part to limited data concerning the type of drugs involved and the concentrations detected. This study analyzed toxicological findings in drivers from fatal motor vehicle collisions (FMVCs) in Ontario, Canada, over a one‐year period using a standardized protocol. Of the 229 cases included in the study, 56% were positive for alcohol and/or drugs. After alcohol, cannabis was the most frequently encountered substance (27%), followed by benzodiazepines (17%) and antidepressants (17%). There were differences in drugs detected by age but no marked difference in drugs detected between single and multiple FMVC's. Not all drugs detected were considered impairing either due to drug type, concentration or case history. The findings indicate the importance of comprehensive drug testing in FMVCs and highlight the need to consider a variety of factors, in addition to drug type and concentration, when assessing the role of drugs in driving impairment.     

Screening analysis for medicinal drugs and drugs of abuse in whole blood using ultra-performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-TOF-MS)-Toxicological findings in cases of alleged sexual assault

An ultra-performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-TOF-MS) method for simultaneous screening of 46 medicinal drugs and drugs of abuse in whole blood was developed and validated. The method includes most of the commonly used and abused drugs such as amphetamines, cocaine, benzodiazepines, and opioids. Chromatographic separation of the targeted drugs was achieved using a Waters ACQUITY UPLC coupled to a Waters Micromass LCT Premier XE time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The total chromatographic run time was 13.5min injection to injection. The estimated method LOQ is in the range of 0.06-27ng/g, which is below the therapeutic levels for each of the drugs analyzed but LSD. The extraction recovery ranged from 6% to 197% with median value 95% and mean value 82%. Matrix effect ranged from 81% suppression to 29% enhancement of the signals compared to signals obtained in the absence of biological matrix. The method was tested on 55 authentic forensic toxicology samples confirming the same positive results as found using the routine analytical procedures as well as some additional compounds. Recently there has been considerable attention paid to drug-facilitated sexual assault and the toxicological findings in these cases. As part of a pilot study to investigate the prevalence of medicinal drugs, drugs of abuse, and alcohol in victims of alleged sexual assault, biological specimens were obtained from 167 victims being examined at the Sexual Assault Center in Aarhus, Denmark. The obtained blood samples were analyzed using the novel screening method supported by additional analyses for e.g. THC and alcohol. 124 victims reported they have been drinking alcohol prior to the assault (74%). Alcohol analyses revealed 59 positive findings (48%). 35 of the cases were found positive for one or more drugs excluding alcohol (21%). 20 of the victims reported they have been subject to a drug-facilitated sexual assault (12%). For the victims suspecting drug-facilitated sexual assault, the toxicological analyses revealed four positive for alcohol and nine victims were positive for one or more drugs, with six of the victims found positive for benzodiazepines or other drugs with sedative effects. It was notable that victims tested positive for medicinal drugs and drugs of abuse as well as victims of alleged drug-facilitated sexual assault in average underwent medical examination later than the whole study population.     

New drug and antibiotic regulations--FDA. Proposed rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is proposing to revise its regulations governing the approval for marketing of new drugs and antibiotic drugs for human use. FDA is taking this action to improve the efficiency of the agency's drug approval process and to improve the agency's dealings with applicants for marketing approval of new drugs and antibiotic drugs, while still maintaining the high level of public health protection the drug approval process now provides. The improvements will help applicants prepare and submit higher quality applications and permit FDA to review them more efficiently and with fewer delays. This will benefit consumers through earlier availability of drugs and benefit applicants by permitting earlier marketing of new drugs and antibiotics. This action is one part of a larger effort by FDA to review all facets of the agency's drug approval process.     

The dynamics of illicit drugs production: Future sources and threats

This paper examines the opportunities for illicit drugs production which arise out of the economic, political and social conditions of some countries. These drivers can help us to understand the geographical pattern of global drugs sources and assist in the process of identifying those parts of the world in which new production opportunities are arising. It was found that there is not a homogenous set of risks which contributes to drugs production. Instead, the particular contexts which are conductive to drug production activities varies for different drug types. This has influenced the different patterns of drugs production for highly refined, organic drugs, such as cocaine and heroin, compared to synthetic drugs. The nature of developments which could trigger new areas of drug production are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Estimation of the quantity of a drug in a consignment from measurements on a sample

A consignment of individual packages is thought to contain illegal material, such as drugs, in some or all of the packages. A sample from the consignment is inspected and the quantity of drugs in each package of the sample is measured. It is desired to estimate the total quantity of drugs in the consignment. Sampling variation is present in the original measurements and it is not sufficient just to adjust the sample mean pro rata. An analysis is described which takes account of the uncertainty concerning the proportion of the packages that contain drugs and provides a probabilistic summary of the quantity of drugs in the consignment. In particular, a probabilistic lower bound for the quantity of drugs in the consignment is given, which is dependent on the required standard of proof. This is in contrast to the approach based on confidence intervals which assumes that in the long run, the interval will contain the correct quantity the appropriate proportion of the time, but gives no measure of uncertainty associated with the particular consignment under consideration.     

Alcohol,illicit drugs and medicinal drugs in fatally injured drivers in Spain between 1991 and 2000

The aim of this study was to assess the presence of alcohol, illicit drugs and medicinal drugs among Spanish drivers involved in fatal road accidents between 1991 and 2000. Samples were obtained for 5745 drivers killed in road accidents from January 1991 to December 2000. Of the samples, 91.7% represented males and 8.3% females; 40.7% were under 30 years of age, 31.9% were under 31-50 years of age, 19.5% were over 51 years of age, and for 7.9% the age was unknown. Between 1991 and 2000, some type of psychoactive substance was detected among 50.1% of those drivers killed in road accidents, this being mainly alcohol (43.8%) and, less frequently, illicit drugs (8.8%) and medicinal drugs (4.7%). In all the cases, in which alcohol was detected, combined use with other substances accounted for only 12.5%, whilst in the case of illicit and medicinal drugs, figures representing combined use with other substances were 75.6% for the former and 65.8% for the latter. For one in every three cases (32.0%), a blood alcohol level over 0.8 g/l was recorded; cocaine (5.2%), opiates (3.2%) and cannabis (2.2%) were the three illicit drugs most frequently detected. Among medicinal drugs, were benzodiazepines (3.4%), anti-depressant drugs (0.6%) and analgesics (0.4%). The results show the frequent presence of psychoactive substances, particularly alcohol, among Spanish motor vehicle users involved in fatal road accidents. It should be pointed out that illicit and medicinal drugs in combination with other substances were a common feature.     

论药害侵权及其民事救济理论与制度

药害侵权是一种特殊的产品侵权。严格责任作为一种特殊产品侵权的归责原则已经发展成为药害侵权的基本归责原则。药害事故的频繁发生带来了民事诉讼方面的变化，因果关系推定、举证责任倒置以及集团诉讼地位的提升成为药害侵权诉讼的主要特征。当前，我国药害侵权民事救济立法与司法过程中还存在一些问题,需要采取相应措施逐步加以完善。     

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC x GC-TOFMS) for drug screening and confirmation

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) is applied to analysis of drug standard mixtures containing 78 drugs of interest in forensic samples. For this study, underivatised drugs were employed. While several of the drugs were not detected at the low concentrations employed in the samples, most could be satisfactorily assigned their first and second dimension retentions in the GC x GC retention plane. For this study, time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) detection was used. The enhanced separation possible in GC x GC is demonstrated, and typical linearity and apparatus precision are shown for tramadol, diazepam, olanzapine and desipramine using selected qualifier ions. Mass spectral library search quality for the detection of drugs in a selection of authentic forensic cases, along with retention position in the 2D retention plane, is used to support positive identification of the presence of the drugs. The analysis of 'difficult' drugs paracetamol and phenytoin is shown to produce anomalous chromatographic peak shape in the 2D plane, whereas most drugs gave acceptable peak shapes. The GC x GC technique was applied to screening drugs in forensic samples, with either flame ionisation (FID) or TOFMS detection, and compared favourably with conventional single column GC-MS analysis when tested for diazepam in an authentic forensic study.     

浅论走私贩卖易制毒化学品案件的特点及侦查

随着世界毒品问题的泛滥和化学合成毒品的扩张,受高额利润的诱惑,走私、贩卖易制毒化学品的活动剧增。易制毒化学品流入非法渠道以及贩卖、走私出境用于生产、加工毒品现象日益严重。易制毒化学品犯罪的主要特点是品种多、数量大,主体复杂,隐蔽性强,境内外毒贩相互勾结、结伙作案。执法机关必须充分认识非法走私、贩卖易制毒化学品活动的危害性,积极主动地进行公开查缉、海关实行有效的监督管理、科学地组织实施控制下交付、实行案件倒查、即时讯问犯罪嫌疑人,及时、有效地打击、制止犯罪。