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1.
This article aims to assess the impact of microfinance through a government-sponsored SHG–bank linkage programme (SBLP) of the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) in India, on poverty alleviation, employment, and achievement of financial inclusion in the Bodoland area of Assam. Empirical results from an impact evaluation showed that the programme had a positive and statistically significant impact on the monthly income, employment days, and financial inclusion level of participants of the SHG programme, compared to a control group of non-participants. 相似文献
2.
Many residents of urban areas face joint obstacles to basic service access, but these barriers are more prevalent and severe in slum settlements. Analyses of obstacles have typically been conducted in a piecemeal rather than synthetic framework and have focused on access to single services rather than the range of services needed to support household welfare. By contrast, this study uses data from fieldwork in four slum settlements situated in Hyderabad, India to develop a typology synthesising the obstacles – economic, spatial, social, institutional, and political – to the full range of service access desired by residents. Economic differences explain little of the access deficit within this population. While social and institutional obstacles are more likely to explain slum formation and residence over the long term, variation in spatial and political factors present the most acute short-term access barriers. The article concludes by suggesting the most promising means for slum residents and supporting stakeholders to overcome multi-faceted obstacles. 相似文献
3.
This article documents the level of access to infrastructure and assesses its perceived impacts on human well-being in rural Nepal. The study found a more varied level of well-being in less remote communities and determined that the perceived impacts of access to infrastructure on human well-being is higher in more remote areas. Notably, access to roads received the highest priority among respondents, followed by drinking water and irrigation. The methodology and findings of this study have practical implications for rural development in hills and mountains where human settlements are highly dispersed and access is key to human well-being. 相似文献
4.
In developing countries the analysis of energy poverty has been framed in terms of a nexus; linking poverty, gender, and energy as obstacles to sustainable development. This article considers the dual challenges of energy and fuel poverty in Malaysia, a middle-income country boasting high levels of grid penetration, suggesting that there are limitations to this approach in relation to articulating the relationship between energy and poverty, specifying the dynamics of energy poverty, and informing policies to address this. Locating energy deprivation in the context of multidimensional poverty offers a basis for addressing energy poverty in a wider range of spatial and temporal contexts. 相似文献
5.
Widows are one of the socially excluded groups in India. This study primarily focuses on the needs of widows in Rajasthan for social security, and also seeks to examine the outreach of existing social security schemes to them. The study found that a considerable proportion of widows are engaged in physically-demanding casual work. Involvement in casual employment reveals the vulnerability of widows since such employment is often considered the last resort for earning a living. Social security in various forms can play a crucial role in their lives. La sécurité sociale et les veuves rurales au Rajasthan : une étude empirique Les veuves constituent en Inde un des groupes exclus de la société. Cette étude est axée essentiellement sur les besoins de sécurité sociale chez les veuves au Rajasthan ; elle essaie aussi d'examiner les programmes actuels de la sécurité sociale qui sont destinés à leur aide. L'auteur de cette étude a trouvé qu'un pourcentage important de veuves sont engagées dans un travail physiquement éprouvant et à titre temporaire. L'emploi à titre temporaire met à jour la vulnérabilité des veuves puisqu'un tel emploi est souvent considéré comme la dernière solution pour survivre. La sécurité sociale sous ses différentes formes peut jouer un rôle capital dans leur vie. Seguro social para las viudas del área rural en Rajastán: un estudio empírico Las viudas de India conforman uno de los grupos socialmente excluidos. El presente artículo se centra en las necesidades de seguro social existentes entre las viudas de Rajastán y pretende examinar el alcance que distintos programas de seguro social tienen para este sector. Las conclusiones del estudio demuestran que un número significativo de viudas participa en el sector del trabajo informal físicamente exigente. En este sentido, la participación en el empleo informal constituye un indicador de la vulnerabilidad de las viudas, ya que este sector se considera como el último recurso para ganarse un ingreso. El seguro social en sus distintas variedades puede llegar a desempeñar un rol importante en las vidas de las viudas. Segurança social para viúvas da área rural em Rajasthan: um estudo empírico As viúvas são um dos grupos socialmente excluídos da Índia. Este estudo primariamente concentra-se nas necessidades das viúvas em Rajasthan de segurança social, e também busca examinar o alcance de esquemas de segurança social existentes para elas. O estudo constatou que uma considerável proporção de viúvas está engajada em trabalho temporário fisicamente demandante. O envolvimento em emprego temporário mostra a vulnerabilidade das viúvas, uma vez que tais empregos são frequentemente considerados a última opção para se ganhar a vida. A segurança social pode, de várias formas, desempenhar um papel crucial em suas vidas. 相似文献
6.
This article examines the effect of Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia's (AIM) microcredit programme on low-income households' income, poverty rate, and vulnerability in Peninsular Malaysia. This study employed a quasi-experimental approach, cross-sectional design, and stratified random sampling method. Findings indicated that participation in AIM's microcredit programme leads to an increase in household income and reduces both the poverty rate and level of economic vulnerability. AIM and policymakers, therefore, should focus on promoting a supportive environment to improve cooperation among participants by designing a dynamic and well-diversified microfinance programme and specialised skills-building training programme. 相似文献
7.
Previous research has revealed that social policy design is relevant for addressing social problems, particularly for reducing poverty. However, evidence on poverty reduction exposes a sluggish trend towards achieving its main goals. This paper first reports on research examining to what extent social policy design has addressed social problems, poverty in particular. Second, this paper examines whether poverty lines have linked social policy design and social problems. Finally, this paper reveals that social policy design does not address poverty reduction and that poverty lines have not linked policy design and poverty reduction. Dans quelle mesure la conception de politiques sociales résout-elle les problèmes sociaux ? Données tirées du programme « 70 y más » du Mexique Des recherches menées dans le passé ont révélé que la conception de politiques sociales est pertinente pour résoudre des problèmes sociaux, en particulier pour réduire la pauvreté. Cependant, il existe des données relatives à la réduction de la pauvreté qui révèlent une tendance lente vers la réalisation de ses principaux buts. Cet article présente en premier lieu des recherches qui examinent la mesure dans laquelle la conception de politiques sociales a abordé les problèmes sociaux, et la pauvreté en particulier. Deuxièmement, cet article examine la question de savoir si les seuils de pauvreté ont relié la conception de politiques sociales et les problèmes sociaux. Enfin, cet article révèle que la conception de politiques sociales ne se penche pas sur la réduction de la pauvreté et que les seuils de pauvreté n'ont pas relié la conception de politiques et la réduction de la pauvreté. Até que ponto a formulação de políticas sociais enfrenta os problemas sociais? Evidências do programa “70 y más” no México Uma pesquisa anterior revelou que o desenho de políticas sociais é relevante para enfrentar problemas sociais, particularmente para redução da pobreza. Porém, as evidências sobre a redução da pobreza mostram uma ritmo lento na conquista de seus principais objetivos. Este artigo primeiramente apresenta um relato sobre pesquisas que examinam até que ponto o desenho de políticas sociais tem tratado de problemas sociais, e a questão da pobreza em particular. Em segundo lugar, este artigo discute se as políticas relativas à pobreza têm conectado a política social e os problemas sociais. Por fim, o artigo revela que o desenho de políticas sociais não enfrenta a questão da redução da pobreza e que programas relacionados à pobreza ainda não fizeram a conexão entre desenho de políticas e redução da pobreza. ¿Hasta dónde la elaboración de políticas públicas enfrenta los problemas sociales? Resultados del programa “70 y más” de México Las investigaciones realizadas hasta ahora indican que la elaboración de políticas públicas es importante para afrontar los problemas sociales, en particular para reducir la pobreza. Sin embargo, las conclusiones sobre los programas de reducción de la pobreza revelan que caminan muy lentamente hacia el cumplimiento de sus objetivos principales. Este ensayo da cuenta, primero, de las investigaciones que analizan hasta dónde la elaboración de políticas sociales ha contribuido a resolver los problemas sociales, en particular la pobreza. En segundo lugar, el ensayo examina si la línea de la pobreza ha vinculado la elaboración de políticas públicas a los problemas sociales. Finalmente, el ensayo revela que no se aborda la reducción de la pobreza a la hora de elaborar políticas públicas y, además, que la línea de la pobreza no relaciona la elaboración de políticas con la reducción de la pobreza. 相似文献
8.
Support for capacity development accounts for about 25 per cent of all international donor assistance. Yet there have been few evaluations to assess the effectiveness of this support. This paper presents the findings and lessons of an evaluation on Dutch support for capacity development that has tried to avoid some of the shortcomings of earlier evaluations. Dutch capacity development support has been effective in a number of cases. However, for sustainable capacity development it is crucial that donors reconsider their policies and practices in such a way that they facilitate endogenous capacity development, local resourcefulness, and downward accountability. évaluation du soutien néerlandaise au développement des capacités Le soutien apporté au renforcement des capacités représente environ 25 pour cent du total de l'assistance apportée par les donateurs internationaux. Cependant, peu d’évaluations ont été menées pour estimer l'efficacité de ce soutien. Ce document présente les conclusions et les enseignements d'une évaluation du soutien au renforcement des capacités apporté par les Pays-Bas, évaluation qui s'est efforcée d’éviter les défauts d’évaluations antérieures. Le soutien au renforcement des capacités apporté par les Pays-Bas s'est révélé efficace dans un certain nombre de cas. Cependant, pour parvenir à un renforcement des capacités durable, il est crucial que les donateurs revoient leurs politiques et leurs pratiques afin de faciliter le renforcement endogène des capacités, la ressource locale et la redevabilité descendante. Evaluación de la ayuda holandesa al desarrollo de capacidades Aproximadamente 25% de todos los donativos internacionales para la asistencia se destinan al desarrollo de capacidades. Sin embargo, existen pocas evaluaciones que valoren la eficacia de estos apoyos. En este artículo, se presentan los hallazgos y las experiencias obtenidas a partir de la evaluación realizada en torno a un apoyo efectuado por donantes holandeses, que fue destinado al desarrollo de capacidades. Dicho apoyo intentó evitar algunas de las fallas encontradas en evaluaciones anteriores. El apoyo holandés para el desarrollo de capacidades ha sido eficaz en algunos casos. No obstante, para que éste sea sostenible, resulta esencial que los donantes reorienten sus políticas y sus prácticas, de tal forma que se promuevan el desarrollo de capacidades endógenas, la ingeniosidad local y la rendición de cuentas dirigida a la base. Avaliação sobre o apoio holandês ao desenvolvimento de capacidades O apoio para o desenvolvimento de capacidades representa cerca de 25 por cento de toda a assistência de doadores internacionais. Porém, poucas avaliações têm sido feitas para analisar a efetividade desse apoio. Este artigo apresenta as conclusões e lições de uma avaliação sobre o apoio holandês ao desenvolvimento de capacidades que tenta evitar algumas das deficiências das avaliações anteriores. O apoio holandês ao desenvolvimento de capacidades tem sido efetivo em vários casos. Porém, para o desenvolvimento de capacidades sustentáveis, é crucial que os doadores reconsiderem suas políticas e práticas de forma que elas promovam o desenvolvimento endógeno de capacidades, as habilidades locais e a prestação de contas em sentido descendente. 相似文献
9.
A lack of accountability is often considered a root cause of conflict. Many post-conflict reconstruction efforts therefore aim to enhance accountability between authorities and the population through community-driven reconstruction programmes. This article examines the accountability mechanisms in the Tushiriki community-driven reconstruction programme in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. The ethnographic research found little impact of formal programme accountability. Rather, accountability was shaped differently and had its own context-specific meaning. To make accountability more sustainable, stronger embeddedness in local institutions and more appropriate translations of abstract concepts into the local context are needed. 相似文献
10.
Despite a swathe of critiques of logframes and other blueprint approaches to development over the last 30 years, most aid infrastructure continues to concentrate on the design and subsequent implementation of closed models. This article does not propose an alternative to blueprints, but challenges the inflexibility of their implementation, which is inadequate given the complex nature of social change. It proposes a supplementary management and learning approach which enables implementers to be dynamic, adaptive, and responsive to problems and opportunities. Emphasising the role of donors, the paper presents a case study of one donor-led programme in Bangladesh doing just this. 相似文献
11.
A lack of monitoring and evaluation on the outcomes of livelihood recovery programming has typified many post-disaster recovery initiatives. This article uses a case study of the 2006 Yogyakarta, Indonesia earthquake to analyse longer-term impacts of livelihood programming after disaster. The article includes an overview of the programming implemented in five case study villages and the perspectives of impacted populations on the livelihood interventions. Results indicate the importance of longer-term programming, early interventions, local leadership, and an integrative strategy focusing on replacing assets, providing capital and credit to jumpstart entrepreneurial activities, capacity and skills building, and developing markets and networks. 相似文献
12.
This article explores perceived shifts in roles for NGOs and religious actors after the creation of the Palestinian National Authority with the 1993 Oslo Accords, using original data from a survey of more than 1,000 community members in the West Bank and Gaza. The survey data show a centralisation of requests for assistance from the Palestinian National Authority, with a decrease in requests from local government, NGOs, and religious actors after the creation of the Palestinian National Authority. The support the empirical findings lend to theories of government and voluntary failure is discussed. 相似文献
13.
Development investigations focus on synergies of institutional cultures for policy and practice. International non-governmental organisations (INGOs) currently enjoy a privileged position as harbingers of world culture unity. While there is contestation on INGOs as monolithic entities, few studies delve into the voices of actors within INGOs to provide for a more pluralistic perspective. This paper separates the actors from their institution by examining their different socio-cultural takes that drive them. This emphasises that as projects and visions come and go, institutional actors draw on their own philosophy that does not necessarily mirror their institution's stance. Here, the focus is on one of the most important current development initiatives – microfinance – revealing individual understandings of what is sustainability, the role of external actors, indicators of success, exit strategies, and ethical action. In spite of situating this in the microfinance area, what is revealed is that actors are motivated by their own constructed ideology, often alluding peripherally to the specifics of microfinance. This opens another avenue of enquiry as to why organisational ideologies and popular development visions such as microfinance take on such diversity of forms and outcomes. Contrary to the world culture unity model, such communication disjunctures can be useful in understanding diverse development outcomes. « Votre Kool-Aid* n'est pas mon Kool-Aid » : idéologies relatives à la microfinance dans une culture d'ONGI Les investigations dans le secteur du développement se concentrent sur les synergies de cultures institutionnelles pour les politiques et les pratiques. Les organisations non gouvernementales internationales (ONGI) jouissent actuellement d'une position privilégiée comme signes avant-coureurs de l'unité culturelle mondiale. Bien que certains contestent l'idée des ONGI comme des entités monolithiques, rares sont les études qui examinent les voix des acteurs parmi les ONGI pour introduire une manière de voir plus pluraliste. Cet article sépare les acteurs de leur institution en examinant les différents angles socioculturels qui les impulsent. Cela souligne le fait que, tandis que les projets et les visions vont et viennent, les acteurs institutionnels s'inspirent de leur propre philosophie, laquelle ne reflète pas forcément la position de leur institution. On traite ici de l'une des plus importantes initiatives de développement en cours – la microfinance – en révélant les manières individuelles de comprendre ce qu'est la durabilité, le rôle des acteurs externes, les indicateurs du succès, les stratégies de sortie et l'action éthique. Bien que cela soit examiné dans le contexte du domaine de la microfinance, ce qui est révélé, c'est que les acteurs sont motivés par leur propre idéologie construite, faisant souvent allusion de manière périphérique aux éléments précis de la microfinance. Cela ouvre une autre piste quant à la question de savoir pourquoi les idéologies organisationnelles et les visions du développement populaires comme la microfinance prennent des formes aussi diverses et débouchent sur des résultats aussi divers. Contrairement au modèle d'unité culturel mondial, ces disjonctions sur le plan de la communication peuvent s'avérer utiles au moment de comprendre des résultats divers sur le plan du développement. *NDT : L'expression « drinking the Kool-Aid » (boire le Kool-Aid) est appliquée à des adeptes fervents de certaines philosophies qui croient aveuglément dans les vertus de celles-ci. “O que você acha legal eu não acho legal”: ideologias sobre microfinanças dentro de uma cultura de ONGI As investigações sobre desenvolvimento concentram-se nas sinergias de culturas institucionais para políticas e práticas. Organizações Não-Governamentais Internacionais (ONGIs) atualmente usufruem de uma posição privilegiada como precursoras da unidade da cultura mundial. Embora haja controvérsias quanto ao fato de ONGIs serem entidades monolíticas, poucos estudos realizam análises detalhadas sobre a voz ativa de agentes dentro de ONGIs com vistas a oferecer uma perspectiva mais pluralista. Este artigo separa os agentes de sua instituição de origem ao examinar as diferentes condições sócio-culturais que os orientam. O artigo enfatiza que como os projetos e visões vão e vêm, os agentes institucionais baseiam-se em sua própria filosofia que não necessariamente reflete a postura de sua instituição. Aqui, o foco está em uma das mais importantes iniciativas de desenvolvimento atuais – a das microfinanças – revelando entendimentos individuais sobre o que é sustentabilidade, o papel de agentes externos, indicadores de sucesso, estratégias de saída e ação ética. Apesar de inserir esses temas na área de microfinanças, o que se revela é que os agentes são motivados por sua própria ideologia construída, frequentemente aludindo perifericamente às questões específicas das microfinanças. Esse fato abre uma nova vertente de questionamento sobre por que ideologias organizacionais e visões populares sobre desenvolvimento, como as relacionadas às microfinanças, assumem tal diversidade de formas e resultados. Contrárias ao modelo de unidade da cultura mundial, tais descontinuidades de comunicação podem ser úteis para a compreensão dos resultados diversos do desenvolvimento. “Tu veneno no es mi veneno”: las ideologías respecto a las microfinanzas en una cultura de ONGI Las investigaciones sobre el desarrollo se centran en las sinergias entre las políticas y prácticas de las culturas institucionales. Las organizaciones no gubernamentales internacionales (ONGI) se encuentran actualmente en una situación privilegiada por ser las precursoras de la unidad cultural mundial. Aunque existen debates sobre si las ONGI son monolíticas, son pocas las investigaciones que han examinado las opiniones de los actores de las ONGI en aras de tener una perspectiva más amplia. Este ensayo separa a los actores de sus instituciones para examinar los criterios socioculturales que impulsan sus acciones. Esta metodología resalta el hecho de que, si bien los proyectos y las visiones evolucionan, los actores institucionales se basan en sus propias creencias, las cuales no reflejan necesariamente los criterios de sus instituciones. Este ensayo analiza en detalle una de las iniciativas actualmente más importantes en el desarrollo –las microfinanzas– para descubrir qué entienden los actores por sostenibilidad, el papel de los actores externos, los indicadores de éxito, las estrategias de salida y las actuaciones éticas. A pesar de que el estudio se centró en el área de las microfinanzas, las conclusiones revelan que a los actores les motiva su propia ideología y que sólo tangencialmente se refieren de manera específica a las microfinanzas. Esto abre otra línea de investigación sobre por qué las ideologías organizacionales y las visiones más generalizadas sobre el desarrollo –por ejemplo, en las microfinanzas– se expresan en formas y con resultados tan diversos. Al ir en contra del modelo de la unidad cultural mundial, mensajes tan dispares pueden ser útiles para comprender la diversidad de resultados en el desarrollo. 相似文献
14.
Good governance scholarship has been preoccupied with the donor-driven conditionalities imposed on aid-receiving developing countries. Limited attention has been given to power struggles and resistance from government actors (bureaucrats and politicians) to embrace internally driven good governance programmes. To address this gap, this article ethnographically examines a good governance initiative of the Delhi government (India) to reform its welfare system in partnership with NGOs. The study indicates that the conflict between government and non-governmental actors over the authority to govern the poor eventually maintained the status quo of the welfare system while the poor remain marginalised. 相似文献
15.
Child sponsorship programmes have long been criticised for their conceptual and programmatic flaws. In response, organisations changed their programme designs to minimise negative side effects, or even stopped providing direct support to individual children altogether. This paper outlines the evolution of sponsorship programmes; discusses advantages and drawbacks of today's one-to-one sponsorship methods; and explores how progress may be possible. It concludes that such sponsorship programmes will never amount to sustainable development but can, if designed well, make a credible contribution to complex livelihoods in environments that lack adequate safety nets. Repenser les programmes de parrainage d'enfants Les programmes de parrainage d'enfants sont depuis longtemps critiqués pour leurs défauts conceptuels et programmatiques. En réponse à ces critiques, les organisations ont modifié la conception de leurs programmes pour réduire au minimum les effets secondaires négatifs, et ont même parfois complètement cessé d'apporter un soutien direct à des enfants individuels. Cet article décrit dans ses grands traits l’évolution des programmes de parrainage, traite des avantages et des inconvénients des méthodes actuelles de parrainage individuel et examine les manières dont il serait possible de progresser. Il conclut que les programmes de parrainage de ce type ne constitueront jamais des formes de développement durable, mais qu'ils peuvent, à condition d’être bien conçus, apporter une contribution crédible à des moyens de subsistance complexes dans des environnements qui ne sont pas pourvus de filets de sécurité adéquats. Revisando nuevamente los programas de patrocinio a la niñez Durante mucho tiempo, los programas de patrocinio a la niñez han sido objeto de críticas debido a sus fallos conceptuales y programáticos. Frente a esta situación, las organizaciones han modificado el diseño de sus programas, con el fin de minimizar sus efectos negativos, o han detenido totalmente el apoyo brindado a niños de manera individual. El presente artículo esboza la evolución experimentada por los programas de patrocinio, a la vez que examina las ventajas y las desventajas de los actuales programas de patrocinio individual, analizando cómo pueden hacerse avances al respecto. La conclusión surgida del artículo establece que estos programas de patrocinio nunca serán parte del desarrollo sustentable aunque, si se diseñan bien, pueden contribuir de forma verosímil a la creación de medios de vida complejos en entornos que carecen de programas sociales adecuados. Revisitando programas de patrocínio às crianças Os programas de patrocínio às crianças têm sido há muito tempo criticados por suas falhas conceituais e programáticas. Em resposta, as organizações mudaram seus projetos de programa para minimizar os efeitos colaterais negativos, ou até mesmo deixaram de fornecer em geral apoio direto a crianças individualmente. Este artigo apresenta a evolução de programas de patrocínio; discute as vantagens e desvantagens de métodos atuais de patrocínio individual; e avalia como o progresso pode ser possível. Ele conclui que tais programas de patrocínio nunca atingirão o desenvolvimento sustentável mas, se forem bem elaborados, podem oferecer uma contribuição confiável a meios de subsistência complexos em ambientes que não possuem redes de segurança adequadas. 相似文献
16.
The One Village One Product project that originated in Japan's Oita Prefecture is just one component of many official Japanese development assistance projects aiming to promote rural development in more than 30 countries. Not all efforts, however, result in the same level of sustainability. Oita Prefecture built its movement on three principles: local yet global, self-reliance and creativity, and human resources development. The projects that satisfy these principles are generally found to be sustainable. These principles can also be applicable to overseas projects. 相似文献
17.
This article presents a case study of development practice based on the author’s experience of designing a livelihood restoration plan and monitoring its implementation. The plan was based on safeguard standards of a multilateral development bank that funded a private sector renewable energy project on land belonging to a vulnerable community in Central India. Illustrating the challenges faced in implementing and monitoring this plan and the reasons for its failure, the article argues that a complex set of institutional and individual relationships determine the way in which safeguard policies are translated into practice by diverse and interrelated actors. 相似文献
18.
A great deal of participatory development literature emphasises the bottom-up production of citizen’s voices and their incorporation into policy formulation, implementation, and evaluation. Rarely do we hear of emphases on the question of listening, much as there exists a body of knowledge on integrating what experts consider to be the views and opinions of local people in the creation of socio-economic policies. This viewpoint outlines the kind of listening that builds on three key issues that emanate from Paulo Freire’s idea of listening as both a virtue and practice of tolerance. The major contention is that as development practitioners, we need to build our abilities and capacities to practise all the three forms of listening if we are to work with others in designing and implementing policies that improve lives and communities. 相似文献
19.
This article examines the performance of a poverty alleviation policy in Thailand known as the Small and Micro Community Enterprises (SMCEs) programme. It investigates provincial determinants affecting the establishments of the SMCEs and assesses the effects of the programme on household income and out-migration by using panel data analysis and propensity score matching model. The research findings indicated that such enterprises have spread widely. Average household expenditure, the rate of poverty, and agricultural output were significant predictors of SMCE establishments. However, the research did not find any concrete evidence to support the claim that this policy helped reduce poverty or out-migration. 相似文献
20.
This practical note discusses some of the challenges evaluators face when their values clash with those of their employer. A case example where the author was commissioned to complete an evaluation for a community development project within a welfare-minded NGO highlights evaluation issues for welfare-minded NGOs attempting to deliver community development programmes. A fundamental issue is the differing interpretation of key terms including evaluation, participation, and empowerment. The note discusses how the author attempted to navigate between maintaining community development principles in the evaluation process while at the same time fulfilling quantitative evaluation requirements mandated by the organisation and funders. 相似文献
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