蒙田和他的《随笔集》

米歇尔·德·蒙田（MicheldeMontaigne，1533－1592）原名米歇尔·埃康（MichelEyquem），1533年2月28日出生在法国南部佩里戈尔地区卡斯蒂翁镇附近的蒙田城堡。他家世代在波尔多城经商，是当地富有的名门望族之一。他的曾祖父拉蒙·埃康在卡斯蒂翁镇购置的大片地产和蒙田城堡，代代相传，直到米歇尔的名下。在埃康家庭中，米歇尔是第一个自称为德·蒙田的人，全称为米歇尔·埃康·德·蒙田（MichelEyquemdeMontaigne），简称为米歇尔·德·蒙田。据史载，蒙田这样做的目的，是想让人们忘却他家祖辈经商的痕迹。蒙田的父亲皮埃尔·埃康于…     

《黛莱丝·拉甘》的主题结构

《黛莱丝·拉甘》的主题结构冯寿农《黛莱丝·拉甘》（１８６７）是埃米尔·左拉（１８４０－１９０２）早期写的小说，他在创作这部作品期间，已经开始构思和酝酿自然主义文学理论。这部小说是他的自然主义实验小说的典型作品。他发表这部小说后不久就着手建造一座小说大...     

脍炙人口的《曼侬·雷斯戈》

《曼侬·雷斯戈》是十八世纪著名法国作家普沃·德·艾克齐尔的代表作品。若干年前,程青同志把它译成中文,嘱我写一篇序。我在先读为快之余,写了几句介绍这本书和它的作者。后来程青同志听说有人已在翻译此书,自己的译稿就未送出版社出版,我这篇序也随之搁置多年。去年五月偶遇《法国研究》的编辑同志们。谈及此事,他们挺感兴趣,嘱我寄交《法国研究》。于是,“序”终于起了介绍作用。     

马克思主义新论

苏联《共产党人》杂志90年第4期刊登了哲学博士伊·邦京和叶·普利马克的名为“人类文明转折点上的马克思主义思想”。编者称刊登该文的目的在于征求社会意见。这篇文章选自将要问世的《苏共党史特写》第一版。伊·邦京是《工人阶级和当代世界》杂志主编,叶·     

伏契克:英雄还是叛徒?

尤利乌斯·伏契克是我国青年所熟悉的人物。他的著作《绞刑架下的报告》曾被翻译成70种语言,在世界各国出版发行。伏契克本人在过去的几十年内都被树为反法西斯的英雄,是世界青年心目中的光辉榜样。从60年代初起,有人开始对伏契克产生怀疑。当时,原布拉格潘克拉克监狱的看守阿道尔夫·科林斯基刚刚去世。据说,是他把伏契克的手稿秘密带出监狱并保存到战争结束。捷克历史学家注意到,在战后竟然无人想到要向这位看守了解一下当时的情况。 70年代瓦斯拉夫·切尔尼教授在一本书中指出,伏契克的实际作用与他在监狱中所写的书中所描述的不相符合。切尔尼教授并在《绞刑架下的报告》一书中发现许多严重地自相矛盾     

“非列宁化”现象评析

八十年代末九十年代初,在前苏联国内出现了一股诋毁和否定列宁与列宁主义的倾向,有人将其称之为“非列宁化”现象。“非列宁化”的表现形式从贬低列宁的历史地位,否定列宁的思想学说和列宁领导的十月社会主义革命,一直到烧毁列宁的画像,捣毁与列宁名字有关的象征物和纪念物。 1988年5月,一位名叫瓦西里·谢柳宁的经济记者在《新时代》杂志上刊载了一篇文章,明确提出强迫劳动和集中营制度早在列宁领导的“战时共产主义”时期就已建立起来。这篇文章可以看作是“非列宁     

罗曼·罗兰和中国

戈宝权先生1935年作为《大公报》驻苏记者,于同年6月30日在莫斯科红场举行全苏联体育大检阅时,见到正在苏联访问的罗曼·罗兰夫妇,由高尔基陪同前往观礼。1938年戈宝权初次访问巴黎,四十余年后的1984年,他又应邀前往法国访问和讲学,先后在几所大学和兰斯市政厅做过关于《法国文学在中国》的报告。他还于同年11—12月访问年已九十高龄的罗曼·罗兰夫人,进行了亲切的会谈。下面这篇文章是他为了纪念罗曼·罗兰逝世四十周年而作,现根据新发现的资料又作了补充。     

安德波罗夫经济的灾难

这篇文章发表在1982年12月6日美国《新闻周刊》上,作者罗伯特·卡伦和乔伊斯·巴纳森。摘要如下:安德罗波夫取得明星地位后,开始认真地着手治理苏联的困难工作。新的共产党领导人采取谨慎的行动使自己进入由40人组成的苏联最高苏维埃主席团——这个国家的议会。他没有继任勃列涅夫的主席(或称国家     

再评罗伯斯比尔——与法国史学家弗洛朗斯·戈蒂埃商榷

一九八一年初——一九八二年底,我在巴黎高师进修访问期间,就给罗伯斯比尔的评价问题曾与法国巴黎第七大学史学家弗洛朗斯·戈蒂埃交换过意见,她还给拙作《评罗伯斯比尔》(一九七九年十月《历史研究》刊载)写了书面意见,该“意见书”②言简意骇、观点新颖,读后颇受启发。从“意见书”来看,弗洛朗斯·戈蒂埃确实是一位对法国大革命,对罗伯斯比尔有很深研究的专家,无怪乎索布尔在给我的信中说:“在这方面的研究她比我更好。”但就她的观点来说,她把罗伯斯比尔说成是“反自由主义”的,“反资本主义”的,“反帝国主义”的、“国际主义”的等等,这是我怎么也不能赞同的。     

劳改营的亚文化群

一、问题的提出《苏联民族学》杂志1990年第一期刊出列夫·萨莫伊洛夫的研究成果——《劳改营的民族学》一文后,在苏联学术界引起强烈反响。列夫·萨莫伊洛夫是一位不愿披露姓名的列宁格勒大学科研人员的笔名。1981——1982年他曾在列宁格勒“十字”监狱及市郊劳改营里服刑,后来获释并恢复     

The FBI's Role in Expelling Germans from Ecuador During the 1940s

The expulsion from Latin America of immigrants from axis countries and their descendants is an important but little‐studied episode of the Second World War. The role of the US, and in particular that of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), in their removal has largely disappeared from historical memory. This article examines how the FBI advanced US commercial interests, and in the process harmed vulnerable people who were subject to these expulsions.     

The Health of the Rurality: The Encuesta de Folklore and Popular Healing Practices in Tucumán, 1921

This article examines healing practices among the rural inhabitants of Tucumán in the opening quarter of the twentieth century through a reading of the 1921 National Folklore Survey. It argues that popular medical practices, referred to as curanderismos (popular healing), continued into the twentieth century not only as cultural practice of the popular classes but as necessity due to limited investments in public health in the rural regions on the part of the national and provincial government.     

Promises of an impossible compromise: conceded constitutions in Europe, 1814–1906

The enactment of a constitution through the method of ‘concession’, as it was used in Europe between the Napoleonic wars and World War I, indicates that a hitherto absolute ruler understood the need for a higher level of institutionalization and collective exercise of state power, but mistrusted institutionalized and collective processes, which would define the level needed. In other word, a ‘concession’ comprehended an imminent contradiction. Drafting an enduring constitution is a complex and difficult task, which requires consensus- building on a wide scale through collective procedures. However, a ruler who ‘concedes’ implicitly denies any kind of collective constitution-making, which could get out of the ruler’s control. Instead rulers preferred a non-inclusive approach, using court advisors and/or ministers appointed by the ruler, to draft the constitutional text. The European experience analyzed in this article shows that popular involvement through representative procedures (such as the election of a constituent assembly) in the making of a constitution can improve its chances for endurance through time and create a political environment more favourable for the constitution to achieve normative quality, instead of remaining essentially a false promise.     

Continuity and change in instrumentalizing ‘The Precedent’. How Russia uses Kosovo to legitimize the annexation of Crimea

The article contributes to the efforts of understanding Russia’s legitimization endeavours by looking at the policy narratives centred around the so-called Kosovo precedent and the way they were perceived by different actors from Ukraine, Russia, and international experts. The aim of the paper is to scrutinize the process of politicization of contested international norms (in particular, territorial sovereignty and the right to self-determination) in the case of Russia’s legitimacy claims in Ukraine. In assessing the instrumentalization of the ‘Kosovo precedent’ in the Crimea crisis, we focused on three main elements identified in the selected policy narratives: the reinterpretation of history, the humanitarian and ethnic factor and the reinterpretation of Western actions in the Balkans.     

‘The state starts from the family’: peace and harmony in Tajikistan's eastern Pamirs

Based on anthropological fieldwork between 2008 and 2011, this article focuses on how people in Tajikistan's eastern Pamirs conceptualize well-being through the establishment of peace and harmony. An exploration of the interactional use of the terms ‘peace’ and ‘harmony’ in Kyrgyz and Tajik (tynchtyk, yntymak, tinji, and vahdat) makes manifest that the meanings of these terms are connected to the fields of ‘family’, ‘leadership’, and ‘state’. Basing their reasoning on the officially promoted analogy between family and state, people in the eastern Pamirs distinguish between social spaces that are related to well-being and those that are not. As a factor of distinction, and crucial to the establishment of peace and harmony, the moral quality of leadership plays an important role. Positive experiences of such leadership as balanced and morally pure are mainly identified and witnessed within families and neighbourhoods and only occasionally in state institutions. This discrepancy raises the question of where to locate boundaries between good and bad, moral and immoral, harmonious and conflictual. Thus, this article contributes not only to the study of local concepts of well-being in Central Asia but also to the study of local concepts of ‘ill-being’ which challenge them.     

AFGHAN REFUGEES: THE IMPACT ON PAKISTAN

One of the most important arenas that have been profoundly affected by the security situation in Afghanistan is Pakistan's internal security environment. The instability in Afghanistan has had a negative spill-over effect on Pakistan's domestic security scenario, as the Afghan quagmire poses immense implications on Pakistan's domestic framework. One of the important consequences of the Afghan conflict since the 1970s has been the massive inflow of the Afghan refugee population to the neighbouring Pakistan which in following years has brought about a number of demographic and security challenges to the Pakistani society. Therefore along with a number of factors, at this present juncture, Afghan refugees have also become a principal factor in determining Pakistan's Afghanistan policy.