Friendship Networks and Delinquency: The Relative Nature of Peer Delinquency

Although acknowledging the importance of adolescent friendships in the etiology of delinquency, prior studies have yet to provide a detailed examination of the role of actual friendship networks in delinquency. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (1995–1996), this study's incorporation of friendship networks allows for a more rigorous conceptualization and measurement of peer delinquency based on carefully defined networks of adolescent friendships. Findings illustrate that friendship networks are very heterogenous in terms of members' participation in delinquent behavior with the majority of adolescents belonging to networks containing both delinquent and non-delinquent friends. In support of differential association's premise that delinquent behavior is influenced by the ratio of definitions favorable to those unfavorable to law violation (Sutherland, 1947), the proportion of delinquent friends in a respondent's network is most strongly associated with respondents' subsequent delinquency. This relative measure of peer delinquency is preferable to a measure of the absolute level of delinquency occurring by friends, the average delinquency committed by friends, or the absolute number of delinquent friends. Enmeshment in a friendship network where consensus about the appropriateness of delinquency is maximized (i.e., all friends are delinquent or non-delinquent) most effectively constrains the behaviors of network members to resemble the groups' behavior.     

当前青少年犯罪成因及对策研究——以东莞市青少年犯罪为研究模本

目前我国正处于社会转型时期,存在诸多容易诱发青少年犯罪的不良因素,青少年犯罪的形势依然严峻。作为新兴制造业城市的代表,东莞独特的经济结构和人口构成使其青少年犯罪在数量、主体、类型等方面具有明显特征。"东莞式"青少年犯罪既有着青少年自身原因,也有着家庭与学校教育缺位以及不良文化冲击的影响,更有着产业结构形成的外来人口盲目涌入而造成的城市不适应性方面的因素。     

The Influence of Dating Relationships on Friendship Networks,Identity Development,and Delinquency

Prior research has documented general associations between dating and delinquency, but little is known about the specific ways in which heterosexual experiences influence levels of delinquency involvement and substance use. In the current study, we hypothesize that an adolescent's level of effort and involvement in heterosexual relationships play a significant role in forming the types of friendship networks and views of self that influence the likelihood of delinquency involvement and substance use. Analyses based on a longitudinal sample of adolescent youth (n = 1,090) show that high levels of dating effort and involvement with multiple partners significantly increases unstructured and delinquent peer contacts, and influences self‐views as troublemaker. These broader peer contexts and related self‐views, in turn, mediate the path between dating relationships, self‐reported delinquency, and substance use. Findings also document moderation effects: among those youths who have developed a troublemaker identity and who associate with delinquent peers, dating heightens the risk for delinquent involvement. In contrast, among those individuals who have largely rejected the troublemaker identity and who do not associate with delinquent friends, dating relationships may confer a neutral or even protective benefit. The analyses further explore the role of gender and the delinquency of the romantic partner.     

社会转型期青少年犯罪防控机制对策研究简

转型期的中国各种社会矛盾十分突出,刑事犯罪呈动态化和复杂化态势,其中新生代农民犯罪问题备受社会关注.闲散青少年群体、有不良行为或严重不良行为的青少年群体、流浪乞讨青少年群体、服刑在教人员的未成年子女群体、农村留守儿童群体被列为五类重点青少年群体,如何促使其市民化是防控青少年犯罪的关键点.本文拟就青少年犯罪尤其是“新生代农民”违法犯罪问题进行社会归因研究,结合犯罪心理学、社会学、治安管理学等理论,就防控青少年犯罪以及如何促使其顺利完成城市社会化等问题进行探讨.     

The Risk of Informal Socializing with Peers: Considering Gender Differences Across Predatory Delinquency and Substance Use

Previous research has demonstrated that adolescents who socialize with peers in unstructured and unsupervised settings are more likely to engage in deviant behavior. Research on this front has generally pooled adolescents together, suggesting that it is a risk for nearly all youth across a wide array of deviant outcomes. The current study instead hypothesizes that the strength of the relationship between time use and different forms of deviance varies for male and female adolescents. Specifically, it proposes that unstructured and unsupervised socializing with peers will be a significantly stronger risk for predatory delinquency (i.e. violent and property crime) for male adolescents than for females, whereas it will be an equivalent risk across gender for substance use. Analyses using the AddHealth data support this hypothesis. The discussion considers the implications of these results.     

Juvenile Delinquency in Central European Cities: A Comparison of Registration and Processing Structures in the 1990s

The authors trace and compare the developments in recorded juvenile delinquency in Hamburg, Prague, Cracow and Budapest from 1991-1997 and then analyse the processing and selection procedures of the various justice systems. They devote special attention to ethnic minorities within this filtering process. The most salient feature is that the crime rates and processing structures in the former socialist countries display considerable similarities. It would almost be possible to speak of a specific type of criminal justice system with a typical form of reaction. While in the West, the large number of suspects is considerably reduced during later stages of selection to a much smaller number (those actually sentenced and/or imprisoned), what the authors call a funnel model, in the East a smaller number of suspected offenders enters this selection process, but tends to remain within it and be sentenced - the cylinder model. These procedural structures have changed little in the 1990s, and there has certainly not been any increasing alignment of the Eastern systems with the Western one. Indeed, the difference has, if anything, become greater. These lower crime statistics as compared with the West - represented here by Hamburg - are, however, not only the result of equally large discrepancies between the real crime rates, but in this regard the pro-active crime prevention measures of the police, which in Hamburg have caused the inclusion of an increased number of juveniles and foreigners in the crime statistics since 1995, have also had a great effect. The research project thus clearly demonstrates the importance of interpreting crime statistics neither as a true representation nor as a distorted reflection of the activities of a criminal justice system. Instead, these statistics should be seen as reflecting specific processing procedures and methods of crime control.     

Trajectories of Delinquency and Problem Behavior: Comparison of Social and Personal Control Characteristics of Adjudicated Boys on Synchronous and Nonsynchronous Paths

In this paper we identify and distinguish two categories of manifestations of deviance, problem behavior and delinquency, and show that they often follow synchronous developmental sequences. Using data from a sample of 506 adjudicated boys, we investigate the difference between those with synchronous trajectories, in which problem behavior and delinquency follow similar developmental paths, and those with nonsynchronous trajectories, in which the two follow different developmental paths. Comparison of the trajectories shows that personal control variables, such as social maladjustment, value orientation, manifest aggression, and extroversion, are more effective in discriminating between trajectories than are social control variables from school, peer, routine activities, and belief categories. These personal control variables are often not included in studies of delinquency.     

第三代政治传播及其对政治的影响

以新媒介的崛起为标志,第三代政治传播成为影响政治生活的重要力量。它颠覆了传统的权力关系,使政治生活变得更加复杂。认识和把握第三代政治传播及其基本特征,分析第三代政治传播对现代政治的影响,有利于更好地运作政治权力,促进政治发展,维护社会稳定。第三代政治传播的主要特征表现为：政治传播媒介立体化发展、政治传播深刻影响政治关系、政治传播职业化发展、政治活动营销化、政治传播互动性增强等。第三代政治传播深刻影响着政治的诸多方面,包括对政治体系的影响,对政治过程的影响,政治生活的娱乐化,使西方民主政治经历了一个螺旋式的循环过程等。     

Non-Sexual Delinquency in Juvenile Sexual Offenders: The Mediating and Moderating Influences of Emotional Empathy

The theoretical linkage of empathy to sexually aggressive and antisocial behavior is reviewed, and assessment conducted on the role of emotional empathy in the non-sexual delinquent behavior of juvenile sexual offenders. In examination of developmental antecedents of empathy, self-reported parental attachment and positive fathering experiences were found to be positively associated with emotional empathy, while reported exposure to violence against females was inversely related. As hypothesized, emotional empathy was found to have both mediating and moderating influences on risk of engagement in non-sexual delinquency. Emotional empathy was found to be negatively associated with non-sexual delinquency and to partially mediate the positive influences of exposure to violence against females and hostile masculinity. Emotional empathy was also found to function as a moderator of hostile masculinity, with high empathy levels associated with an attenuated positive effect of hostile masculinity on non-sexual delinquency, and low levels with an accentuated effect. Possible mechanisms for this moderating influence are discussed, along with clinical implications of the findings and directions for future research.     

常染色体STR祖孙亲缘关系鉴定分析

目的概括归纳一种简便易行的祖孙亲缘关系鉴定分析方法,对实际检案起到指导作用。方法根据孟德尔遗传规律、概率论和亲权指数(PI)值基本概念,归纳推导适用于常染色体STR各种基因型组合的祖孙亲缘关系似然率(LR)计算式及其代入参数。并应用于一个三代家系的祖孙鉴定及实际案例。结果祖孙亲缘似然率(LR)计算总共有三种计算式,它们概括了祖孙亲缘关系鉴定中的各种基因型遗传组合情形。公式中祖父母遗传可能的生父基因的概率可以简单地根据可能生父基因在祖父母基因型中所占的比例数来推定。祖孙亲缘关系鉴定分为孩子生母参与和不参与两种情况,同样的遗传指标检验分析后,前一种情形LRs明显升高,后一种情形LRs明显降低。结论用常染色体STR检验进行祖孙亲缘关系鉴定分析,在祖父、祖母均参与的情况下,其祖孙亲缘关系似然率的计算简单、直观、可操作性强;孩子生母尽可能参与检验,否则需要增加检验STR位点的数量才能获得更加明确的结论。     

品种范畴下农业遗传资源法律保护分析

生物资源在不同的生态系统和不同的范畴下有不同的理解。通过明晰农业遗传资源与生物资源的关系,在品种范畴下和制度层面对农业遗传资源与品种相关概念之间的关系进行梳理,以探寻品种权和专利权权利系统对品种保护的作用机制,并进而探讨农业遗传资源权的介入过程和方式。     

The measurement of family process variables: The effect of adolescent and parent perceptions of family life on delinquent behavior

Both adolescent and parental perceptions of how family members interact with and feel about one another are examined to determine their relationship to official and self-reported delinquent behavior. Consistent with prior research, adolescent perceptions of family processes were weakly related to those of their parents. Both parental and adolescent family process measures made independent and significant contributions to the explanation of self-reported and official delinquent behavior. Parental measures contributed more to the explanation of official data than did adolescent measures when compared to the results for self-reported delinquency. Methodological and substantive reasons for these findings are discussed. The importance of taking into account parental perceptions of family interaction, as well as the perceptions of adolescents, is emphasized.     

循环次数与体系对DNA检测灵敏度的影响

目的探讨通过增加PCR循环次数和缩小扩增体系改善DNA检测灵敏度的可行性。方法将10例无血缘关系健康志愿者精液DNA样本分别定量为50、40、30、25、20、15、10 pg/μL,分别用10、5、3μL的体系和28、30、32、34、36次循环进行扩增,用3130遗传分析仪检测15个常染色体STR基因座。结果 28次循环下,3μL体系可对40pg/μL及以上样本正确分型。20pg/μL及以上样本在10、5、3μL体系中,34次循环均可正确分型,增加到36次循环,出现非特异性谱带,无法正确分型。结论增加循环次数和缩小扩增体系在一定程度上可以提高DNA检测的灵敏度。     

Testing Theory and the Analysis of Time Series Data

Although the relationship between unemployment and crime has been a longstanding interest in criminology, there is little agreement about appropriate models for analyzing this relationship. David Greenberg's (this issue) discussion highlights two issues that raise questions about recent research on the unemployment–crime relationship. First, he extends the work of Hale and Sabbagh (1991) and argues that cointegration methods should be used instead of first-differenced regression models to analyze unemployment and crime time series data. Second, he argues that previous attempts to test his strain theory linking unemployment to the age distribution of crime rely on flawed hypotheses, inappropriate data, and faulty measurement. In this paper, I address both of Greenberg's claims. I begin with a discussion of the relative utility of cointegration analysis and of first-differenced regression models for the analysis of the unemployment–crime relationship, focusing on the link between theory and statistical model. I then discuss the possibility of ever testing and falsifying Greenberg's strain theory.     

Genetic Data Analysis of Nine STRs in Two Caribbean Colombian Populations: César and Guajira

POPULATION:  We have analyzed the distribution of the allele frequencies and parameters of forensic interest at nine short tandem repeat (STR) loci (CSF1PO, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D13S317, FGA, TH01, TPOX, and vWA) in a sample population of 165 unrelated individuals from César and Guajira, Caribbean populations of Colombia.     

环境司法专门化发展的实证检视:以环境审判机构和环境审判机制为中心

环境司法专门化包括环境审判机构、环境审判机制、环境审判程序、环境审判理论和环境审判团队的专门化。从环境审判机构的设置类型和案件受理情况看,其地方性十足,即多是在当地特定时空内进行的本土化实践;而环境审判机制却颇具普适性,即超越了特定时空的普遍的实践,并主要表现为宏观上的职权主义审判模式的偏好和微观上的裁判文书要素间基本缺乏内在的特殊关联。环境司法专门化须融合地方性与普适性。为此,应首先设计专门化的环境审判程序,然后再构建专门化的环境审判理论和环境审判团队。     

我国师范院校哲学社会科学研究能力初探——基于CSSCI的数据分析

本文根据中国社会科学引文索引(CSSCI),对我国师范院校1998-2004年间哲学社会科学学术论文的发表与被引用情况进行统计和分析.师范院校的发文总量占全国高校的20%以上,其中师范大学的发文量占全部师范院校的81%.按学科统计,心理学科的发文量占全国高校的60%以上,文学、历史、哲学学科的发文量约占全国高校的30%.按地区统计,北京市、上海市、江苏省的师范院校发文量分列前三位.论文的学术影响力:篇均被引次数约为0.38;被引率为0.20.基金项目资助的论文占全部论文的十分之一,其被引率达0.50.从研究效率看,师范院校人均年产出论文数为0.39篇,每万元科研经费产出的论文数为0.22篇,均位居全国各类高校的第三位.     

评美国反基因歧视法律实践及其启示

为防治基因技术的滥用和基因信息歧视,以《2008年禁止基因信息歧视法》为代表的美国联邦和州立法积极实施干预,以确保所有人雇佣机会平等、享有平等健康保险待遇,全面参与社会生活.美国反基因歧视法内容详尽,既禁止基因信息歧视行为,又兼顾保险公司、雇主的合理要求以及避免可能给第三人及公众带来的风险,使违法行为几乎“无缝隙可钻”,且法律对公立雇主的要求高于私立雇主.美国反基因歧视法律实践,对于我们客观认识和把握平等权,完善相关立法和公共政策,具有一定启迪.     

Teaching Adolescents and Adults about Adjudicative Proceedings: A Comparison of Pre- and Post-Teaching Scores on the MacCAT-CA

The current study investigated whether teaching was associated with improved legal understanding among adolescents and adults. Participants included 927 youth and 466 young adults, who completed the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool-Criminal Adjudication, the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument-Second Version, and the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. Adolescents aged 13 and younger were less likely than older individuals to improve with teaching. IQ score was positively associated with improvements following teaching, and individuals from ethnic minority groups showed greater improvements following teaching than non-Hispanic Caucasians. The implications of these findings are discussed.