试论转型期我国政府规制的改革

改革开放特别是我国确立建立社会主义市场经济体制以来,我国政府规制改革取得了重大进展,计划经济体制下所形成的计划管制正逐渐被基于市场经济的法制化、规范化的政府规制所取代。但同时我们也应该看到,我国政府规制改革仍存在许多问题,已落后于市场经济发展的要求。因此,在借鉴西方规制改革经验的基础上,结合我国实际对我国政府规制改革进行探讨有着重要意义。     

宏观调控的法律规制

宏观调控问题已引起法学界热情的关注 ,但现有研究成果尚不足以形成立法资源 ,且学者间对宏观调控主体、领域、手段的法律规制等问题也存在着认识上的差异。立法上确定宏观调控主体 ,应以宏观调控的价值目标为根据 ;对宏观调控领域的法律规制 ,应把握宏观经济的层面界定 ;从逻辑学角度对现有宏观调控主体的研究成果进行检视 ,有利于确立宏观调控主体法治化的观念     

The US financial regulatory reform, causes of financial crisis and its enlightenment on China

Deficiency of the US financial regulation has stimulated the enactment of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. The fundamental causes of the regulatory deficiency can be categorized as follows: excessively indebted consumption culture in a long term, permanently abolishing the regulation on financial derivatives by the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission, and the regulations before the reform not fitting for the fictitious economy. The operation of financial products is like to fly a kite. The financial product is the kite, governmental adjustment is the string, market regulation is the wind, national culture and legislature and judicature are the environment. Those coordinated elements can guarantee a healthy financial market. To construct an effective financial regulatory system in China, it is needed to make culture with Chinese characteristics, advance the coordinated development of governmental and market regulation, and promote financial legislations and related implementation.     

法定数字货币应用的法律风险及制度完善

法定数字货币在应用过程中的法律风险随其功能定位的变化而变化.作为金融基础设施建设工具,法定数字货币存在权利事后救济机制缺失及相应法律规范缺位的风险;作为监管工具,法定数字货币存在监管权力与隐私权利失衡的风险;作为货币政策工具,法定数字货币存在监管不到位而无法保证其积极助力于宏观调控的风险.因此,应在考察现行规定和有益制...     

国家调节说的经济法体系之国际适用性研究——以日本的国家经济调节职能与经济法理论为例

进入垄断资本主义阶段后,为弥补市场失灵的缺陷,日本对经济实施了市场规制、宏观调控、国家投资经营三种国家经济调节职能,并相应制定了三种类型的经济法律法规对其予以规范和保障。日本国家的经济调节职能及经济法立法的实践表明日本经济法理论研究与日本国家经济调节实践之间存在一定的偏差。国家调节说为经济法体系的构建提供了科学基准,日本的现状证明了国家调节说对于构建经济法体系的国际适用性。     

数据时代网络爬虫的内部管理型规制

网络爬虫作为数据时代一种被普遍应用的自动化数据收集技术,有着独特功能和价值。目前爬虫行为失范却对现有法律制度适用及网络空间秩序产生了严峻挑战,亟需在反思现有网络爬虫规范体系不足的基础上,引入内部管理型规制以回应网络爬虫规制的现实需求。基于网络爬虫的技术逻辑,内部管理型规制适用有行为限定、内容延展和效力涵摄面向,且功能多元。由于内部管理型规制兼有行政规制与自我规制的双重因素,因而可以上述两种规制方式为基点,对网络爬虫内部管理型规制进行横向和纵向的体系化构建。横向体系化构建应明确所涉主体形态、权义结构和责任内容;而纵向体系化构建应包括标准制定、组织建制、守法监督和执行反馈。     

金融科技的算法风险及其法律规制

随着算法在金融领域应用的深入,算法固有的缺陷和特性也逐渐与金融本身的风险和逻辑发生耦合,形成了算法歧视、算法绑架、算法趋同等新型金融风险.然而,现有的金融科技算法规制框架存在主体、对象和工具层面的诸多问题,导致金融科技算法风险规制的低效和失灵,因而需要进行规制路径的优化和调适.从主体层面出发,应构建以金稳会为基础的规制...     

论经济规制立法的正统性

现代国家的规制系统往往是复杂而庞大的。在政府对经济的规制中,应当否定和废止的规制大量存在,同时,应当肯定和强化的规制同样大量存在。本论文将视角锁定在经济规制立法的正统性分析上,着重探讨如何在立法和制定政策的过程中实现意思决定的科学性、专门性,强调对各种信息的梳理、排除和活用,围绕立法和政策制定的科学公正性和社会公正性以及由此而得以确保的社会可靠性展开探讨,在民主参与、专门性输入及评价、救济等专门性保障的意义上,来构筑规制立法和政策形成的正统性。     

Funds sharing regulation in the context of the sharing economy: Understanding the logic of China's P2P lending regulation

“Sharing economy” is an umbrella term that encompasses a wide range of digital platform-based activities that includes P2P lending and other forms of internet-based lending. The core aim of the sharing economy is to leverage the utilization of idle capacity. P2P lending can not only be used to leverage small amounts of money on the lender's side, but also be used to promote financial democracy and inclusion both on the lender and borrower's sides. P2P lending regulation, therefore, should place an emphasis on the utilization of dead money and promotion of financial democracy. This article scrutinizes the regulation of P2P lending in China. The existing regulatory system for P2P lending in China is built upon rules and regulations that have been designed solely with traditional brokers in mind. The article contends that the rigid rules placed on lending platforms limited their ability to maintain their roles as brokers and, in turn, heavily endangered the commercial sustainability of P2P platforms, thereby harming the sharing economy's openness and inclusivity. Additionally, the article argues that the fact that there is no limit on the amount a lender can invest poses a threat to the notions of leveraging idle money and financial inclusivity. The closed-ended P2P lending regime in China would cause some chilling effects to financial innovation in the P2P lending industry, and in a wider sense, the rising FinTech sector. Regulators in China need to cope with these challenges in a flexible but pragmatic manner, and particularly make use of the benefits the sharing economy may bring to the Chinese economy more broadly.     

人工智能算法的伦理危机与法律规制

进入网络时代以后,人们逐步形成了一种以技术性和流动性为核心的在线生存样态.人们日益被数据化和被算法化.技术平台往往会利用自身在数据处理和深度学习算法上的技术优势,生成一种隐性的支配权和控制权,从而形成人工智能算法独特的运行逻辑.人工智能算法独特的运行逻辑正在深刻地改变着以往的生产方式和生活方式,并诱发了一系列的伦理危机...     

Jurisprudential Foundation of the Alogithmic Enforcement and Regulation of Law in an Intelligent Society: Taking the Automated Copyright Infringement Monitoring of the Online Content Sharing Platform as an Example

As cyber-space has become increasingly important for human activities, and intelligent algorithms are widely used in cyber-space, we are rapidly entering an intelligent society. Now, algorithmic enforcement and regulations of law have posed non-negligible issues. As algorithmic enforcement of copyright law was introduced earlier than that of other laws, it provides a helpful observation perspective. The worldwide practice of copyright enforcement has gradually departed from traditional “safe harbor provisions, ” and has emphasized prior examination of shared contents uploaded by Internet service providers’ (ISPs) users through the following three dimensions: automated infringement detection algorithms voluntarily used by the ISPs, heavier judicial liability of ISPs, and updated legislation principles. Thus, innovations and development have stimulated new mechanisms and regulations for enforcing copyright in cyberspace. Algorithmic enforcement of copyright law in an intelligent society is essential and meaningful. The copyright regulation mechanisms should be guided by jurisprudential principles and concepts featuring the principles of (a) legitimate and efficient flow of information, (b) balance between and among algorithmic power, public power and private rights, (c) boosting the sharing economy and the new gig economy, and (d) promoting social governance philosophy of “coconstruction, co-governance and sharing.” These principles are meaningful for creation of a new mechanism for balancing interests between ISPs and their users, and for introducing the pluralistic co-governance mechanism beyond simply practicing “filtering obligations.” In addition, these principles are significant for improving a certification with credibility of copyright status and ownership, and for advancing a mechanism for online collegiate-panel dispute resolution.     

Protecting digital identity in the cloud: Regulating cross border data disclosure

Widespread use of cloud computing and other off-shore hosting and processing arrangements make regulation of cross border data one of the most significant issues for regulators around the world. Cloud computing has made data storage and access cost effective but it has changed the nature of cross border data. Now data does not have to be stored or processed in another country or transferred across a national border in the traditional sense, to be what we consider to be cross border data. Nevertheless, the notion of physical borders and transfers still pervades thinking on this subject. The European Commission (“EC”) is proposing a new global standard for data transfer to ensure a level of protection for data transferred out of the EU similar to that within the EU. This paper examines the two major international schemes regulating cross-border data, the EU approach and the US approach, and the new EC and US proposals for a global standard. These approaches which are all based on data transfer are contrasted with the new Australian approach which regulates disclosure. The relative merits of the EU, US and Australian approaches are examined in the context of digital identity, rather than just data privacy which is the usual focus, because of the growing significance of digital identity, especially to an individual's ability to be recognized and to transact. The set of information required for transactions which invariably consists of full name, date of birth, gender and a piece of what is referred to as identifying information, has specific functions which transform it from mere information. As is explained in this article, as a set, it literally enables the system to transact. For this reason, it is the most important, and most vulnerable, part of digital identity. Yet while it is deserving of most protection, its significance has been largely under-appreciated. This article considers the issues posed by cross border data regulation in the context of cloud computing, with a focus on transaction identity and the other personal information which make up an individual's digital identity. The author argues that the growing commercial and legal importance of digital identity and its inherent vulnerabilities mandate the need for its more effective protection which is provided by regulation of disclosure, not just transfer.     

试论加强我国宏观调控法制建设

我国国民经济的持续、稳定、协调增长 ,有赖于科学合理且完备的法律制度体系加以保障。考察我国的宏观调控法律制度 ,无论是理论上还是实践上都十分薄弱。因此 ,加强我国的宏观调控法制建设显得尤为迫切。本文从多角度分析了我国宏观调控法制建设的现状、成因 ,并进一步提出了对策。     

论违规披露、不披露重要信息罪的可能性失灵——以收益权凭证交易为例证

信息披露制度是金融监管法律制度的核心内容,需要刑法保护。为确保刑法调整信息披露制度的有效性,"违规披露、不披露重要信息罪"在原《刑法》条文的基础上,对主体、客观行为和行为结果都进行了修订完善。新的金融产品的出现使"违规披露、不披露重要信息罪"出现了漏洞,面临可能性失灵的现实问题,收益权凭证交易这一新型合成型资产证券化产品就是例证。创新资产证券化产品,监管部门要依据其交易特征,出台相应监管规则,注重完善信息披露制度,防止"违规披露、不披露重要信息罪"的可能性失灵。     

论生物多样性保护的系统性法律规制

生物多样性的遗传资源多样性、物种多样性、生态系统多样性等层次性特征要求其法律规制体系应更具有整体性和协调性。同时,新时期背景下的生物多样性保护兼具自然资源保护、国家安全保障、经济发展促进等综合性目标,要求必须以总领性、宏观性的思路发展和完善法律规制体系。系统性法律规制因具有推动政治决策法律化、符合生物多样性层次性规制要求、实现公众利益和保障法律规制效率性优势而成为生物多样性保护的现实选择。生物多样性保护的系统性法律规制包括了规制依据、规制主体、规制手段和规制对象等要素,可以此为逻辑起点,对当前我国生物多样性保护法律规制的现实问题予以分析,并在此基础上提出完善我国生物多样性保护系统性法律规制的可行建议。     

我国行政审批制度的改革及其法律规制

我国现行的行政审批制度发端于计划经济体制。随着经济体制的转型,这种原本作为资源配置手段、以消灭市场、竞争和自由为目的的审批制度,与新经济体制发生了激烈的冲突与碰撞。自本世纪初,我国在全国范围内展开了行政审批制度的改革,历经十多年,改革虽然取得了一定的成效,但以审批为中心建立起来的管理体制并没有从根本上被撼动。面对巨大的困难和阻力,行政审批制度改革需要多方面制度的合力推动,需要有效的法律规制。规制行政审批制度改革,需要保障行政许可法的实施与执行,与规范性文件的修订与废止相结合,实现行政管理立法的创新,从法律上切断审批权力与利益的联结,以立法推动国有企业逐步退出竞争性的行业和领域。     

元以来历朝对藏传佛教宗教事务的法律调整及其历史启示——藏传佛教宗教事务的法律化研究之一

西藏自元朝正式纳入统一国家版图,至此,全国藏区成为统一国家的一部分。藏传佛教到元朝时已发展成为藏区的主流宗教信仰,并且影响着藏区各方面的事务。因此,对藏传佛教宗教事务的不断规制和调整就成为元以来历朝对藏政治策略的首要任务。鉴于这种重要性,元以来历朝中央政权对藏传佛教宗教事务进行了一系列的政策实施和立法调整,主要包括册封宗教首领、礼遇喇嘛,设置中央和地方专门管理机构,扶持建立地方政教合一政权,规范限定宗教首领世俗权力、规制大活佛转世的立法等方面。这些政策法规的实施不断强化了统一国家主权、保持了藏区社会稳定、促进了藏区经济相对发展。在当今复杂的国内外形势下,这些政策法规对国家如何管理藏传佛教宗教事务和藏传佛教如何谋求自身发展有着重要借鉴意义。     

论中产阶层行为的法律规制

随着现代市场经济的发展,我国的中产阶层正在发展壮大,有利于社会和谐稳定的"橄榄型"社会阶层结构正在形成。但是,我国中产阶层的理性行为方式还没有完全形成,存在着缺乏社会责任感、行为缺乏有效的社会制约和自我约束、对国家权力的依附性等问题,因此,必须对中产阶层的行为进行有效的法律规制。加强对中产阶层行为的法律规制,主要是进一步加强现代市场经济法制建设,包括加强物权法制建设、加强市场交易法制建设、完善公平的资源配置机制和社会流动机制、加强廉政制度建设、加强社会组织法制建设等。因此,依法规制中产阶层的行为还应当注意处理好几个关系。     

政府监管的缺陷与证券监管的适度性分析

对证券业的监管说到底就是政府干预社会经济在证券业中的体现 ,然而 ,政府干预 (或称政府监管 )在其运行过程中 ,本身是会存在缺陷的。本文试图通过对政府监管缺陷和证券市场法律监管负成本的分析 ,从而阐明政府对证券市场监管适度性的把握。     

法的编纂模式此较--兼论规章的系统化

法的编纂表现为法的系统化的最高形态.通过对不同法系传统的法律编纂模式的比较和分析,将编纂价值导入我国规章的系统化研究,以构建科学、协调的规章体系,本文提出以下思路:对专项规章适宜法典式编纂、对全部规章适宜归类式编纂、对修订规章适宜活页式编纂.