基于眼动追踪测量认知负荷变化的犯罪心理测试

目的探索可用于认知犯罪心理测试的眼动指标及测试方法。方法对被测人进行视觉、听觉双通路-双任务模拟案件犯罪心理测试,要求被测人对相同问题分别进行诚实回答和欺骗回答,对不同眼动数据和行为数据进行分析。结果注视点离靶、眼跳次数、眨眼间隔随认知负荷（实施欺骗时）增加而增大,并未发现瞳孔变化与答题策略间存在特定关系。结论注视点、离靶距离等眼动指标能有效分析认知负荷变化且应用于认知犯罪心理测试。     

Crime Theory Evaluation Using Simulation Models of Residential Burglary

This paper provides new insights on the study of crime modeling through the development of a hybrid cellular automaton (CA) and Multi-agent System (MAS) simulation model that is able to combine components of multiple criminological theories to forecast the locations of residential burglary targets: journey to crime (JTC), social disorganization (SD) theory, and routine activity (RA) theory. In order to combine individual factors from each theory into a unified model, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed for hierarchical parameter selection. The model is then evaluated using data on offenders obtained from the Dallas Police Department to examine how different crime theories perform in the prediction of residential burglary. Compared to the SD- and RA-weighted models, the JTC-weighted model performed the best when comparisons were made to actual burglary locations. The findings demonstrate that the simulation models of crime provide test beds for research into the explanatory power of various crime theories.     

应用Goggle-VEP客观评定视野缺损的法医学价值分析

目的以视神经损伤为研究对象,分析视野与Goggle-VEP相关性,探讨法医临床学视野的客观评定问题。方法以被检查者健眼作对照,行双眼电视野检查及Goggle-VEP检查;应用SPSS软件分析两者数据的相关性。结果80例视神经损伤眼均表现为不同程度的视野改变,其中41例为视神经完全损伤,Goggle-VEP均无波型诱出;39例为不完全视神经损伤,Goggle-VEP表现为仅诱出切迹波或者潜伏期延长、波幅降低;80例健眼,视野正常,Goggle-VEP均正常。分析视野与Goggle-VEP结果两者的相关性,R=0.911(P<0.01,n=80)。结论视神经损伤时,视野缺损程度与Goggle-VEP异常程度有较为良好的相关性,Goggle-VEP可作为视神经损伤后客观评定视野缺损的指标。     

应用Goggle-VEP客观评定视野缺损的法医学价值分析

目的以视神经损伤为研究对象，分析视野与Goggle—VEP相关性，探讨法医临床学视野的客观评定问题。方法以被检查者健眼作对照，行双眼电视野检查及Goggle—VEP检查；应用SPSS软件分析两者数据的相关性。结果80例视神经损伤眼均表现为不同程度的视野改变．其中41例为视神经完全损伤，Goggle—VEP均无波型诱出；39例为不完全视神经损伤，Goggle—VEP表现为仅诱出切迹波或者潜伏期延长、波幅降低；80例健眼，视野正常，Goggle—VEP均正常。分析视野与Goggle—VEP结果两者的相关性，R=0.911（P〈0.01，n=80）。结论视神经损伤时，视野缺损程度与Goggle—VEP异常程度有较为良好的相关性，Goggle—VEP可作为视神经损伤后客观评定视野缺损的指标。     

Using Patent Data to Assess the Value of Pharmaceutical Innovation

Though many more patents emerge from industry sources, drug-related patents generated in the non-profit setting appear to have greater importance than patents arising from the commercial sector, which helps demonstrate the value non-profit research institutions can have in driving drug development.     

The Burglary Boost: A Note on Detecting Contagion Using the Knox Test

Objectives

A large body of literature in quantitative criminology finds that the spatio-temporal clustering of burglary is greater than one would expect from chance alone. This suggests that such crimes may exhibit a “boost” effect, wherein each burglary increases the risk to nearby locations for a short period. In this study, we demonstrate that standard tests for spatio-temporal dependence have difficulty distinguishing between clustering caused by contagion and that caused by changing relative risks. Therefore, any estimates of the boost effect drawn from these tests alone will be upwardly biased.

Methods

We construct an agent-based model to generate simulated burglary data, and explore whether the Knox test can reliably distinguish between contagion (one burglary increases the likelihood of another burglary nearby) and changes in risk (one area gets safer while another gets more dangerous). Incorporating insights from this exercise, we analyze a decade of data on burglary events from Washington, DC.

Results

We find that (1) absent contagion, exogenous changes in relative risk can be sufficient to produce statistically significant Knox ratios, (2) if risk is changing over time, estimated Knox ratios are sensitive to one’s choice of time window, and (3) Knox ratios estimated from Washington, DC burglary data are sensitive to one’s choice of time window, suggesting that long-run changes in relative risk are, in part, driving empirical estimates of burglary’s boost effect.

Conclusions

Researchers testing for contagion in empirical time series should take precautions to distinguish true contagion from exogenous changes in relative risks. Adjusting the time window of analysis is a useful robustness check, and future studies should be supplemented with new approaches like agent-based modeling or spatial econometric methods.

     

Understanding and Using the Rorschach Inkblot Test to Assess Post-Traumatic Conditions

Partially, in response to recent and current military conflicts, many forensic and clinical researchers and practitioners have devoted increasing interest to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the individual variations in response to trauma. Such efforts have produced a considerable amount of research and opinion supporting the assessment of post-traumatic conditions with the Rorschach Inkblot Test. Based on PTSD and Rorschach research and an appreciation as the Rorschach as a performance test, five interpretive considerations are presented (1) cognitive constriction, (2) trauma-related imagery, (3) trauma-related cognitive disturbances, (4) stress response, and (5) dissociation. These five provide a conceptual starting point for the understanding and application of the test to post-traumatic conditions. Implications for the clinical and forensic evaluation of post-traumatic conditions and for research are presented.     

When an Alibi Is Not Enough: Judgments of Evidence Needed to Lay Charges in a Burglary Case

Laypersons were asked to assume the role of investigators to explore judgments of what evidence is needed to make an arrest in a criminal investigation when an alibi witness is present. Participants were sensitive to the relationship between the alibi witness and the suspect and were more likely to believe an alibi provided by someone unrelated to the suspect, as evidenced by requests for more physical evidence against the suspect than when the alibi corroborator was a family member. In addition, when presented with contradictory evidence, the age of the alibi witness became an important consideration. Age alone did not impact perceptions of evidence adequacy; however, when an (adult) eyewitness provided testimony that contradicted a child alibi witness, participants demonstrated partiality towards believing the child as evidenced by (a) more requests for physical evidence to be convinced the child was wrong and to arrest the suspect and (b) higher ratings of alibi witness credibility. This effect was not seen when the eyewitness’s testimony contradicted an alibi provided by an adult. The results provide insight for investigators and legal counsel regarding the influence of varying types of alibi witness evidence.     

Positive Administrative Control: Using Social Exchange to Assess Managerial Impacts on Inmate Misconduct

Positive administrative control uses social exchange theory to explain how management impacts institutional rates of inmate disorder. This study proffers that prison managers can use their relationship with staff to influence them to act in accordance with agency desires, which in turn affects institutional disorder rates. Using data from the Federal Bureau of Prisons, the model demonstrates an indirect connection exists between management/staff relationships and disorder. However, two of the scales used to explain positive administrative controls’ sway—the leader-member exchange (LMX) and perceived organizational support (POS)-had opposing effects. Increases in the quality of the leader-member exchange (LMX) was associated with decreases in misconduct rates, while increases in perceived organizational support (POS) was associated with increases in misconduct rates.     

Vulnerabilities of fingerprint reader to fake fingerprints attacks

The purpose of this research is to assess the vulnerabilities of a high resolution fingerprint sensor when confronted with fake fingerprints. The study has not been focused on the decision outcome of the biometric device, but essentially on the scores obtained following the comparison between a query (genuine or fake) and a template using an AFIS system. To do this, fake fingerprints of 12 subjects have been produced with and without their cooperation. These fake fingerprints have been used alongside with real fingers. The study led to three major observations: First, genuine fingerprints produced scores higher than fake fingers (translating a closer proximity) and this tendency is observed considering each subject separately. Second, scores are however not sufficient as a single measure to differentiate these samples (fake from genuine) given the variation due to the donors themselves. That explains why fingerprint readers without vitality detection can be fooled. Third, production methods and subjects greatly influence the scores obtained for fake fingerprints.     

An Eye for an Eye: Proportionality as a Moral Principle of Punishment

The lex talionis of the Old Testament has been widely perceived—understandably,but mistakenly—as a barbaric law of retribution in kind.It is better understood as a seminal expression of restraintand proportionality as moral principles of punishment. Thishas been recognized from the earliest times. Over the interveningcenturies, the lex talionis has lost neither its moral significancenor its penal relevance. This is reflected in H.L.A. Hart'ssynthesis of modern retributivist and utilitarian theories ofpunishment and, again, in contemporary Canadian law throughthe recognition of proportionality as the fundamental principleof sentencing under the Criminal Code. The tension between thisfundamental principle and Canada's increasing resort to mandatoryminimum sentences of imprisonment is examined briefly in thislight.     

Comparing Methods to Assess Intraobserver Measurement Error of 3D Craniofacial Landmarks Using Geometric Morphometrics Through a Digitizer Arm

Intraobserver error (INTRA‐OE) is the difference between repeated measurements of the same variable made by the same observer. The objective of this work was to evaluate INTRA‐OE from 3D landmarks registered with a Microscribe, in different datasets: (A) the 3D coordinates, (B) linear measurements calculated from A, and (C) the six‐first principal component axes. INTRA‐OE was analyzed by digitizing 42 landmarks from 23 skulls in three events two weeks apart from each other. Systematic error was tested through repeated measures ANOVA (ANOVA‐RM), while random error through intraclass correlation coefficient. Results showed that the largest differences between the three observations were found in the first dataset. Some anatomical points like nasion, ectoconchion, temporosphenoparietal, asterion, and temporomandibular presented the highest INTRA‐OE. In the second dataset, local distances had higher INTRA‐OE than global distances while the third dataset showed the lowest INTRA‐OE.     

知识产权的评估和变现

在知识经济和知本经济的新形势下,知识产权是企业的重要经济来源,是维持企业生存和发展的重要支柱,也是保证企业获得利润乃至超额利润的必要源泉。知识产权的评估和变现一直是无形资产学中最重要和最有实际操作价值意义的一部分,在当前形势下,传统经济学和无形资产理论受到空前挑战和严峻的考验,这一问题受到了当今国内外知识产权专家、知识产权拥有者、企业家及金融家们的关注。 一、知识产权的评估目前国际上常用的关于知识产权的评估方法主要有三种:成本法、收益法和市场法。我国财政部在2001年7月23日发布了《资产评估准则——无形资产…     

Using an expanded measure of self-control to predict delinquency

Abstract

Self-control theory claims that the tendency to pursue short-term, immediate pleasure, called low self-control, is the only important intrapersonal correlate of crime and delinquency. Low self-control is considered a general tendency comprising several subsidiary traits. The question is whether the subsidiary traits traditionally considered to constitute the individual elements of low self-control – impulsivity, risk-seeking, shortsightedness, low frustration tolerance, self-centeredness, and a preference for physical activities – accurately reflect the essence of self-control theory. The present paper provides theoretical and empirical support for the incorporation of two additional characteristics – diligence and the tendency to neutralize one's guilt for wrongdoing – into the overall self-control construct. Empirical support is provided by the results of two studies in which diligence and neutralization significantly and substantially improve the ability of traditional low self-control to account for variance in offending. A third additional trait, deception, did not enhance the explanatory power of traditional low self-control.     

对不动产登记的行政法思考

《物权法》的出台对不动产登记的效力、登记的统一、审查方式、责任承担等问题作出了明确规定,但是如何在行政法层面对登记进行规制尚存欠缺。不动产登记实际上是一种行政行为,应当具有行政行为的效力。在市场经济背景下,加强不动产登记在行政法上的研究,将有助于解决不动产登记的责任承担,并且提高不动产交易的安全。     

Use of Protection Motivation Theory to Assess Fear of Crime in Rural Areas

Fear of crime has long been the purview of sociology, with attitudes more extensively researched in higher risk urban populations. A sample of 184 rural participants from 36 states in the USA responded to a questionnaire on experiences of crime victimization, and attitudes toward crime, using the multidimensional Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) model. For the entire sample, perceived noxiousness of crime and personal risk corresponded to a recent history of victimization. Yet, victimization did not appear to alter perceptions of efficacy of proposed response or self efficacy in response to crime. When sorted by gender, women did express differences in perceptions of efficacy based on experience. The findings argue for fear of crime as a multidimensional construct, with implications for both research and applied programs.     

Development of Criticality Index to Assess Water Quality in Major Rivers of Gujarat

Criticality of Surface Water Quality means the value of its physico-chemical parameters exceeding the specified limits and thus becomes of great importance due to their probable environmental impacts. The term was coined for intra-comparison between various parameters that determine the Water Quality. The Concept of Criticality Index is to assess the relative criticality of various parameters for Riverine Systems. These parameters are very many and include notable such as COD, DO, TDS, pH, etc. Normally, in water quality determination for river stretch, equal importance is given to all parameters and often the fact that certain parameters, more critical than others is neglected. This study emphasizes on this fact and works on related known concepts and logics, and developed the Index which is beneficial in identifying the critical parameters for river stretches. This is useful in prioritizing the mitigation measures due to their inherent characteristics.     

人民陪审员制度的复苏与实践：1998-2010

1998年以来人民陪审员制度的复苏是多种社会需求合力催生的结果，承载了推进司法民主、维护司法公正、强化司法监督、提高司法公信力等多重期望。然而，由于陪审员难以有效地参与审判，该制度在人力补充、调解协商、知识提供等方面的作用较为突出，其他效果则不太明显。经验材料由此呈现“一种制度实践、两种复苏原因及效果判断”的现象。相对于立法意图和人们的预期，人民陪审已出现某种程度的职能异化。未来的改革应致力于职能分化，强化专门领域案件和轻微案件中民众参与审判的作用，同时注重提升陪审员在重大案件中的代表性和参审效果。