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This paper considers enhancements of a comparatively new method to detect cartels, the System of Cartel Markers (SCM), introduced
by Blanckenburg and Geist (Int Adv Econ Res 15(4):421–436, 2009). The aim of SCM is to find illegal collusion on legal markets with observable market data. It uses expected behavior patterns
such as low level of capacity utilization, slackness of price adjustments to exogenous shocks, excess rates of return, nearly
constant capacities, less price changes and lower variance of capacity growth rate. However, the testing of cost efficiency
is lacking so far. Following Leibenstein’s (Am Econ Rev 56:392–415, 1966) X-inefficiency theory, we assume that cartel members face lower competition and hence, tend to be less cost efficient. Therefore,
we enhance SCM and use cost efficiency as a further marker in order to detect cartels. We apply SCM to the German cement cartel
and find empirical support for some markers. The proposed methodology may be used for antitrust screening and regulatory purposes. 相似文献
3.
Constanze Beierlein Christina S. Werner Siegfried Preiser Sonja Wermuth 《Social Justice Research》2011,24(3):278-296
Previous research demonstrates that the belief in a just world is often accompanied by the justification of social inequality
and by low socio-political participation (e.g., Jost and Hunyady, Curr Direct Psychol Sci 14:260–265, 2005). However, studies provide evidence that the relations may be moderated by individual differences such as a person’s self-efficacy
expectations to promote justice and equality (Mohiyeddini and Montada, Responses to victimization and belief in a just world,
1998). At the societal level, collective political efficacy has consistently been found to foster political participation (cf.
Lee, Int J Public Opin Res 22:392–411, 2010). In our study, we tested whether collective political efficacy may attenuate the negative social impact of the belief in
a just world: It is predicted that when collective political efficacy is low, a strong belief in a just world would increase
the motivation to justify inequality. By contrast, when collective political efficacy is high, the belief in a just world
would not increase, but potentially decrease the motivation to justify inequality. In turn, justification of inequality is
expected to negatively affect socio-political participation. Data from 150 university students were analyzed using moderated
structural equation modeling. In our study, the expected moderating effect of collective political efficacy on the relation
between belief in a just world and justification of inequality was established empirically. When collective political efficacy
was high, justification of inequality did not inevitably increase with the belief in a just world. In addition, the impact
of belief in a just world on justice-promoting behavior was mediated by justification of inequality. Implications for theory
and future research are discussed. 相似文献
4.
In this paper, we re-examine students’ attitudes towards various allocation mechanisms for a scarce resource. For this purpose,
we have run a survey among officers of the German military who are enrolled in different courses of study (such as economics)
at the University of the German Federal Armed Forces. We find that significantly more students who are enrolled in economics
courses judge price increases as fair than students enrolled in other courses. Moreover, this tendency strengthens the more
training in economics the students receive. In addition, fewer students with advanced economic education judge allocation
through the local community as fair when compared to first-year students in economics courses or other students. These results
stand in contrast to results obtained by Frey et al. (J Econ Educ, 24:271–281, 1993) on the same survey. In summary, we find evidence for both nature and nurture effects. 相似文献
5.
Wen-Hsu Lin 《Asian Journal of Criminology》2012,7(1):37-54
Agnew’s general strain theory (GST) [Agnew R (2001) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 38:319–361; Agnew R (2006a) Pressured Into Crime: An Overview of General Strain Theory. LA:Roxbury] has been the focus of considerable academic attention and has become an important criminological theory [Cullen
et al. (2006) Taking Stock: The Status ofCriminological Theory. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction]. However, most previous empirical studies have employed Western samples (e.g., US sample)
to test this theory, which hinders the generalizability of GST. Although some studies have used Eastern samples to evaluate
GST, these studies are only cross-sectional, which makes drawing any causal relationship problematic, and a cross-sectional
study cannot uncover the more dynamic relationship between strain, negative emotion, and delinquency. Furthermore, depression
has become epidemic around the world [World Health Organization 2001, ) and many previous studies that test GST focus only on anger. This makes depression a crucial element in testing GST. The
present study uses longitudinal data (Taiwan Youth Project) and a latent growth model (LGM) to investigate strain, depression,
and delinquent acts among adolescents (12–15 years old). The results generally support GST propositions: both strain and depression
increase delinquency, and depression mediates the strain–delinquency relationship. Some cultural-specific influences were
also discovered. 相似文献
6.
This cross-temporal meta-analysis examined 6,120 American college students’ scores on the Belief in a Just World Scale (BJW;
Rubin and Peplau, J Soc Issues 31(3):65–90, 1975) across the last three and a half decades. Drawing on models of belief threat, we examined whether the causal relationship
between perceived injustice and increases in BJW could extend from the laboratory to society by using macro-economic injustice
trends to predict changes in BJW across these decades. Specifically, we hypothesized that perceptions of inequality, operationalized
as rising income disparities, would result in a greater need to justify this inequality and that this would be evidenced by
increased commitment to just world beliefs over time. Consistent with this prediction, BJW scores increased significantly
over time and this increase was positively related to increasing income disparities in society. Income inequality remained
a significant predictor of BJW scores even after controlling for additional factors of general income and political ideology.
Implications of increasing just world beliefs are discussed in terms of psychological and policy outcomes. 相似文献
7.
Modecki KL 《Law and human behavior》2008,32(1):78-91
Over the past decade, a majority of states have legislated to expand their capacity to try adolescents as adults [Griffin
(2003). Trying and sentencing juveniles as adults: An analysis of state transfer and blended sentencing laws. Pittsburgh, PA: National Center for Juvenile Justice]. In response, researchers have investigated factors that may affect
adolescent culpability [Steinberg and Scott (Am Psychol 58(12):1009–1018, 2003)]. Research on immature judgment posits that psychosocial influences on adolescent decision processes results in reduced
criminal responsibility [Cauffman and Steinberg (Behav Sci Law 18(6):741–760, 2000); Scott, Reppucci, and Woolard (Law Hum Behav 19(3):221–244, 1995); Steinberg and Cauffman (Law Hum Behav 20(3):249–272, 1996)]. The current study utilizes hypothetical vignettes and standardized measures of maturity of judgment (responsibility, temperance,
and perspective) to examine gaps in previous maturity of judgment findings (Cauffman and Steinberg 2000). This work suggests that adolescents (ages 14–17) display less responsibility and perspective relative to college students
(ages 18–21), young-adults (ages 22–27), and adults (ages 28–40). Further, this research finds no maturity of judgment differences
between delinquent and non-delinquent youth, but does find significant maturity of judgment differences between high and low
delinquency male youth. Finally, results show that maturity of judgment predicts self-reported delinquency beyond the contributions
of age, gender, race, education level, SES, and antisocial decision making. Implications for the juvenile justice system are
discussed.
This research was conducted in partial fulfillment of the M.A degree in Psychology from the University of New Hampshire. 相似文献
8.
Based on ethnographic data, this essay analyzes the social order properties of a poor urban street, in a small city in the
northeast United States, on which drug dealing is the principle occupation. Rather than treating drug dealing as an agent
of disorder, we focus on the order properties of drug dealing and the ordered character of the local code of conduct that
develops around it. Like Sudhir Venkatesh (American Journal of Sociology 103:82–111, 1997) we examine the interface between drug dealing and the neighborhood. However, in this small urban space the drug dealers
are not outsiders, rather, they are long term residents: established insiders who are well integrated into community life.
As such their work practices and the requirements they place on behavior in public spaces impact the neighborhood in comprehensive
ways. We detail the phenomenon Elijah Anderson called the “code of the street” (Anderson 1999) as a set of practices and social markers, a local Interaction Order (Goffman, American Sociological Review 48:1–17, 1983; Rawls, Sociological Theory 2:136–149, 1987), that furnishes basic day to day sensemaking tools for residents (Rawls 2009). We propose that this order has a constitutive character that furnishes stable expectations (Garfinkel 1963, 1967) for meaningful social action and identity in the neighborhood. In a context of industrial decline and urban poverty, drug
dealing careers constitute a major socialization factor, that touches everyone here—especially children. 相似文献
9.
Drawing on Connell’s (Gender and power: Society, the person and sexual politics. California: Stanford University Press, 1987; Masculinities. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995) model of gender relations, this paper examines patterns of intimate partner violence among women who have recently left
an abusive partner. In so doing, we attempt to better understand the social structural factors that shape the relations of
power and control in intimate violent heterosexual unions. The data come from the first wave of a longitudinal prospective
survey of 309 women who had left an abusive partner in the previous 3 years. Our data suggest that structured relations of
inequality, namely relations of production, power and cathexis, shape women’s risk of abuse and harassment after leaving,
and do so in ways that shape relations of coercive control. These results have implications for understanding the social context
within which male violence against women occurs, and how this context constrains and/or enables women’s strategies for leaving
and safety.
This research was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) New Emerging Team Grant #106054 and Institute
of Gender and Health Operating Grant #15156 (Marilyn Ford-Gilboe, Principal Investigator). The authors thank the participants
in the Women’s Health Effects Study. We also thank Julie McMullin, Kim Shuey, and the Health Effects research team for their
helpful feedback. 相似文献
10.
This study empirically investigates the extent of noncompliance with the tax code and examines the determinants of federal
income tax evasion in the U.S. Employing a refined version of Feige’s (Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund 33(4):768–881,
1986, 1989) General Currency Ratio (GCR) model to estimate a time series of unreported income as our measure of tax evasion, we find
that 18–23% of total reportable income may not properly be reported to the IRS. This gives rise to a 2009 “tax gap” in the
range of $390–$390–540 billion. As regards the determinants of tax noncompliance, we find that federal income tax evasion is an
increasing function of the average effective federal income tax rate, the unemployment rate, the nominal interest rate, and
per capita real GDP, and a decreasing function of the IRS audit rate. Despite important refinements of the traditional currency
ratio approach for estimating the aggregate size and growth of unreported economies, we conclude that the sensitivity of the
results to different benchmarks, imperfect data sources and alternative specifying assumptions precludes obtaining results
of sufficient accuracy and reliability to serve as effective policy guides. 相似文献
11.
Xuhong Su 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2011,36(3):275-291
An implicit assumption prevailing in the science community is that scientists with postdoctoral training demonstrate a higher
rate of productivity than their peers without such experience (Folger et al. in Human resources and higher education. Russell
Sage, New York, 1970; NRC in Postdoctoral training in the biomedical sciences. National Academy of Science, Washington DC, 1974; NRC in Research training and career patterns of bioscientists: The training programs of the National Institutes of Health.
National Academy of Science, Washington DC, 1976; Reskin in Am Sociol Rev 41(4):597–612, 1976), and especially so if postdocs are employed in research intensive settings (McGinnis et al. in Soc Force 60(3):701–722,
1982; Zumeta in Extending the educational ladder: The changing roles of postdoctoral education in the United States. National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va, 1985). In contrast, by exploring the reward structure of the science system, sociologists contend that departments where scientists
obtain positions play a substantial role in shaping their research productivity (Long in Am Sociol Rev 43(6):889–908, 1978; Long and McGinnis in Am Sociol Rev, 46(4):422–442, 1981; Allison and Long in Am Sociol Rev, 55(4):469–478, 1990). This study investigates both theories in an attempt to unfold how these factors impact scientists’ research productivity
over time. Using curriculum vitae (CV) from a nationally representative sample of academic scientists and engineers, the findings
suggest that postdoc training indeed boosts individual research productivity during scientists’ early career periods (the
first 3 years after the doctoral degrees), however, the effect fades quickly. While departmental prestige plays a role in
scientists’ research productivity, further investigation indicates that only scientists placed in highly prestigious departments
demonstrate a consistently higher productivity level than their peers in other departments. Given that postdoc training contributes
significantly to the higher likelihood of being placed in highly prestigious departments, postdoctoral training and the subsequent
placement in highly prestigious departments together are conducive to the presence of the accumulative advantage effect. 相似文献
12.
Yvon van der Pijl Brenda Carina Oude Breuil Dina Siegel 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2011,56(5):567-582
This article intends to respond to a recent call (e.g., Zhang Global Crime 10(3):178–195, 2009; Brunovskis and Surtees International Migration 48(4):1–38, 2010) for more innovative studies and methodologies in order to move beyond the current discourse on human trafficking. We do
so by describing three ethnographic fragments on the dynamics of (dealing with) sex trafficking within Europe. The concepts
of ‘friction’ and ‘collaboration’ (Tsing Cultural Anthropology 15(3):327–360, 2000, 2005) are used to analyse these fragments. These concepts refer to creative processes that occur as people interact across differences.
They give insight into how universal ideas on freedom and justice enable collaboration between parties involved in fighting
human trafficking who do not necessarily share a common goal. We conclude that the presented method of ‘patchwork ethnography’
is useful in studying sex trafficking as it implies a strong focus on connections between ‘sites of diverse knowledge’, without
losing sight of individual stories of people making those connections. ‘Patchwork ethnography’ is innovative and it allows
researchers to expose and untangle the workings of the supposedly all-powerful phenomenon and the encompassing, uniform, hegemonic
discourse surrounding human (sex) trafficking. 相似文献
13.
Lindsay, Lea, and Fulford (J Appl Psychol 76:741–745, 1991) found that false identifications increased, correct rejections decreased, and correct identifications minimally increased
when witnesses were allowed a second viewing of a sequential lineup. We conducted a similar study in which we allowed mock
witnesses a second viewing of a sequential lineup. Results indicated that participants who were allowed a second viewing made
mostly incorrect identifications. Participants correctly identified the perpetrator more often when they were not told in
advance that they would have a second viewing than when they were told. Additionally, those participants who were told that
they would be allowed a second viewing incorrectly rejected the lineup more often than those who were not told. The findings
yielded conclusions similar to those of Lindsay et al. (J Appl Psychol 76:741–745, 1991) suggesting that witnesses should not be allowed to view the lineup a second time. The results also suggest that, if a repeated
lineup is used, witnesses should not be informed of that in advance. 相似文献
14.
Some recent articles have proposed that the confidence interval for the predicted outcome of a single case can be used to
describe the predictive accuracy of risk assessments (Hart et al. Br J Psychiat 190:60–65, 2007b; Cooke and Michie, Law Hum Behav 2009). Given that the confidence intervals for an individual prediction are very large, Cooke and colleagues have questioned the
wisdom of applying recidivism rates estimated from group data to single cases. In this article, we argue that the confidence
intervals for the recidivism outcome predicted for a single case will range between zero to one (i.e., be uninformative) when
the outcome is dichotomous and the predicted probability is between .05 and .95. This is true by definition and limits the
utility of using individual confidence intervals to measure predictive accuracy. Consequently, other quality indicators (many
of which are non-quantitative) are needed to determine the accuracy and error of risk evaluations. 相似文献
15.
Intimate partner violence (IPV), also known as domestic abuse or relationship violence, has generated a large research literature
for the last half-century, particularly in the areas of criminal justice, psychology, and the social sciences. Interventions
for victims and perpetrators of IPV have largely been sequestered to separately evolving efforts of law enforcement and the
psychotherapeutic community (Chang et al. Women’s Health Issues, 15(1), 21–30, 2005; Dalton Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 15(1), 59–75, 2007; Dobash and Dobash 2000; Feder et al. 2008; Gerbert et al. Journal of Family Practice, 49(10), 889–895, 2000; Wathen and MacMillan. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289(5), 589–600, 2003). This article presents a brief overview of the historical evolution and development of these discrete perspectives and identifies
and assesses current collaborative interventions rooted in these historical precedents. In conclusion, the authors provide
a summative discussion of the most current findings of research into IPV interventions, with a particular focus on the changing
roles of race and gender in both the criminal prosecution of IPV and services provided to IPV perpetrators and victims. 相似文献
16.
Effective technology transfer across borders is very complex and difficult. There are so many factors that affect the effectiveness
of technology transfer across borders, and the host country’s institutional profile is a critical factor. The country institutional
profile reflects the institutional environment in that country and is defined as the set of all relevant institutions that
have been established over time, that operate in that country, and that are transmitted into organizations through individuals
(Kostova 1997, 1999; Kostova and Roth 2002) [Country institutional profiles: Concept and measurement. Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings, pp. 180–189; Transnational
transfer of strategic organizational practices: A contextual perspective. Academy of Management Review, 24(2), 308–324; Adoption
of an organizational practice by subsidiaries of multinational corporations: Institutional and relational effects. Academy
of Management Journal, 45(1), 213–233.]. There have been some studies about the relationship between institutional profile
and technology transfer, but there are few studies with a Chinese context. Technology transfer plays an important role in
developing countries and has been as one of vital strategies to build an innovative nation in China. Therefore, it is urgent
to focus on the relationship between China’s institutional profile and technology transfer. The results of structural equation
modeling, the subject of this paper, were based on an empirical study of 167 foreign ventures sampled in China, but they did
not fully confirm what the institutional theory emphasized about the effectiveness of technology transfer. The normative dimension
of the country institutional profile was shown to have a significantly positive effect on the effectiveness of technology
transferring across borders, but contrary to expectations, the regulatory dimension of the country institutional profile was
shown to have a significantly negative effect on the effectiveness of technology transfer, while the cognitive dimension has
no significant effect on it. The concluding section of the paper discusses some practical implications and potential future
study directions.
相似文献
17.
Jeannine A. Gailey 《Critical Criminology》2009,17(2):93-108
The media have been focusing on websites that are “pro-anorexic” to illustrate the pervasiveness of eating disorders in the
US. This study focuses on the narratives of women who participate in “pro-ana” sites using Lyng’s (Am J Sociol 95:851–886,
1990) concept of edgework. Results indicate that women struggle with feelings of loss of control and through various skills are
able to resume control. These data point to the intense emotive reactions fasting elicits, reactions which both reinforce
and provide motivation to remain in the subculture. Findings contribute to the literature by focusing on women’s edgework
and demonstrating the similarities between men and women edgeworkers. 相似文献
18.
Srinivasan Chokkanathan 《Journal of family violence》2012,27(4):275-285
Wife abuse is a major public health and human rights problem. Using an ecological framework, data from National Family Health
Survey (NFHS 2005–2006) of 3446 women were analyzed to determine the factors associated with wife abuse in urban and rural Tamil Nadu, India. The
prevalence rate of wife abuse in the year prior to the interview was 25.8% and was similar across urban and rural areas. Hierarchical
regression analyses revealed that in urban and rural Tamil Nadu, the micro level variables explained the highest percentage
of variance in wife abuse followed by the ontogenetic, the exo system, and the macro system variables. Some of the variables
that were significantly associated with wife abuse in Tamil Nadu were witnessing parental violence, drinking habit in husbands,
emotional abuse, patriarchal ideology, and positive attitudes towards abuse. Implications of the results are discussed within
the socio-cultural milieu of the respondents. 相似文献
19.
Agnew’s [Agnew, R. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38(4), 319–361, 2001, 2006a, 2006b] general strain theory (GST) argues that subjective strain and objective strain should be distinguished from each other,
and that subjective strain should be related more strongly to delinquency. In addition, GST suggests that the strain–delinquency
relationship is conditioned by certain conditioning factors, and that research should treat these conditioning factors as
a whole, i.e., the individual’s “overall” standing regarding these conditional factors. The present study uses a random sample
of Taiwanese adolescents (13–17 years old) to study these two issues. The results suggest that strain as measured in this
study is related positively to delinquency; however, subjective strain does not differ from objective strain in predicting
delinquency. Additionally, the “overall standing” conditioning factors interact differently with subjective strain and objective
strain but in the expected direction. 相似文献
20.
Children’s (N = 89) identification accuracy was examined as a function of lineup size. Participants (8–13 years) viewed a videotaped staged
event, described what was witnessed and then were presented with either a target-present or—absent lineup containing 6 versus
12 lineup members. The elimination lineup procedure (Pozzulo and Lindsay J Appl Psychol 38: 2195–2209 1999) was used to present lineups. No significant differences in correct identification rates were found across the target-present
sized lineups. In addition, the target was likely to “survive” at a comparable rate regardless of lineup size. Moreover, there
was no significant difference in correct rejection rate as a function of lineup size. The non significance of these data are
critical given that most research with child witnesses uses 6-person lineups whereas in many real world contexts larger sized
lineups are used (e.g., 12-person in Canada). 相似文献