Race,Crime, and Criminal Justice

Fifty years ago, the U.S. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice under President Johnson did not frequently mention race and ethnicity in its discussion of and recommendations for the criminal justice system, but it did have a lot to say about race and crime. Through the use of arrest rates to measure racial differentials in criminal involvement, the Commission concluded that Blacks commit more crime as a consequence of Black people living in greater numbers in criminogenic “slum” conditions. To address racial differences, the Commission favored the Great Society programs of Johnson's War on Poverty. Contemporary criminologists continue to debate the racial distribution of crime, the causes of crimes, and the best policies to reduce crime and racial differentials. The Commission did not anticipate the current debate among scholars regarding how much racial disproportionality exists in the criminal justice system and its causes and consequences. The policies that led to mass incarceration have been significant drivers of continued criminal justice racial disparity. Those policies are inconsistent with the recommendation in The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society (1967), upending the pursuit of a more fair and just system.     

Women in Crime and Justice

ABSTRACT

Drawing upon feminist research on women in crime and justice, this study examines patterns of female crime in Israel over four decades and the criminal justice response to female offenders over two decades. The data show that crime patterns of Israeli women and the criminal justice response to their transgressions show remarkable resemblance to those discerned in other western countries. The article concludes that feminist insights and explanatory mechanisms suggested in other western countries are congruent with findings about women in crime and justice in Israel.     

Women and Publication Patterns in Criminal Justice Journals:

No abstract available for this article.     

Aquatic Crime: A New Horizon in Criminal Justice Research

This article focuses upon a relatively unexplored area of criminal activity, namely, aquatic or water based criminal activity. The specific concern is the need to focus upon the vast domain of water, engulfing over two-thirds of the earth's surface, in understanding and expaining many forms of intranational and international criminality. Emphasis is placed upon the need for comprehensive research in order to fill a void in criminological theory and to generate a better understanding of the potential of aquatic environments in promoting and concealing criminal activity. Moreover, comprehensive research is essential in order to promote a realistic assessment of the nature and extent of aquatic crime and to improve our ability to effectively combat such activity.     

BADASSES: The Rise of Women in Criminal Justice

Little is known about the experiences and career trajectories of women working in the criminal justice field. Criminal justice, particularly law enforcement, has historically been largely a male-dominated career field. This study examines the experiences of 850 women working in the criminal justice field; in policing, courts, corrections, victim services, and academia. The present study collected data in 2017 and asked women working in the criminal justice field about their employment. Respondents said that they experienced a wide range of gender discrimination but did not see gender discrimination as a barrier to their success. The women identified personal and professional perseverance, strong mentorship, and family support as contributing factors to their success. Findings highlight the experience and challenges of women working at all levels and in all components of the criminal justice system and the journey of these women at a unique time in the history of criminal justice and evolution of women in the workplace. Implications for criminal justice, advice for current and aspiring women working in the field, and the nature of the experience for women in criminal justice are discussed.     

虚拟犯罪刑事司法的前瞻性探讨

随着互联网的普及以及移动网络终端的广泛应用,虚拟化的角色定义与参与模式在商品服务、社交交流、媒体传播、网络安全等新兴领域方兴未艾。网络本身的安全问题以及虚拟化带来的道德、法律风险得到社会的关注,然而当前社会治理理念和司法研究与实践相对迟滞,未能就虚拟领域犯罪构建行之有效且具有一定前瞻性的规制体系。构建对虚拟犯罪的刑事司法规制,将是法律理论探讨和司法实践的重心。     

Corruption as an International Crime and Crime against Humanity: An Outline of Supplementary Criminal Justice Policies

Transnational corruption has in recent years been elevated toan international offence but in practical terms it is not consideredserious enough in order for heads of state or cabinet membersto be prosecuted in foreign jurisdictions. There is evidenceto suggest that, in certain cases, corruption may take the formof a crime against humanity. This possibility extends significantlythe jurisdictional ambit of national courts and empowers theInternational Criminal Court to consider a case. Moreover, therestorative component of such criminal prosecutions should aimat restoring, through civil mechanisms, the funds illegallyappropriated to their rightful recipients, the defrauded localpopulations, under the principle of self-determination.     

Stocktaking after two sessions of the commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice

B.A., Victoria University of Wellington 1964; LL.B., Victoria University of Wellington 1964; LL.M., Victoria University of Wellington 1967; LL.M., Columbia University 1968; J.S.D., Columbia University 1972. Professor Clark was a member of the former United Nations Committee on Crime Prevention and Control and represented New Zealand as an observer at the first two meetings of the United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. Any views expressed here are his own.See generally Roger S. Clark,United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Program: Formulation of Standards and Efforts at Their Implementation (forthcoming 1994).     

论舆论监督、媒体审判与刑事司法独立关系

随着民众参与司法之理念深入人心,媒体对刑事案件报道的透明性增强,一批具有鲜明特点的典型案例群出现在刑法理论研究视野,每一个案均从不同角度展现着公众舆论监督与刑事司法独立性之间的交织与博弈。基于本质属性的相异,舆论监督与刑事司法独立之冲突由来已久,而二者均具有合宪性与合理性依据,良好的制度设计应当在二者之间保持合理张力。通过理论与实务层面的探讨,有必要以促进司法公正为契合点,展现舆论监督的异化过程,归纳媒体审判的形成原因,并于该基础上对舆论监督的原则、监督角色的定位、监督主体的自律等方面提出对策,对司法独立原则的真正含义、司法独立原则的程序价值作出剖析,继而设计出二者之间良性互动的制度框架。     

Battered Women and the Criminal Justice System: The Service Providers' Perspective

This article reports on a study of the service providers' perspective on what battered women face when entering the criminal justice system. Victim non-co-operation with the system can manifest itself in various ways and at several points in the process. The article begins with a review of the available literature on the criminal justice system's responses to women battering. Then the experiences and perceptions of service providers in Ohio concerning these responses are described, and, consequently, the findings according to factors which may affect service providers responses are analyzed. The article concludes with an assessment of the policy implications of the system's response to women battering.     

Racial Minority Women and Criminal Justice Responses to Domestic Violence

Racialized minority women’s experiences with Canadian specialized criminal justice responses to domestic violence have seldom been documented. Informed by an intersectionality framework, this qualitative study presents the struggles of 14 racial minority women from three Canadian cities and their experiences with the police and criminal court’s response to their partner’s acts of domestic violence. The results focus on how well specialized criminal justice responses address the needs of these women and protect them from further violence. Factors that facilitate or deter these women from approaching the criminal justice system for help are highlighted. The implications of these women’s narratives for criminal justice responses to domestic violence are discussed.     

论嫖宿幼女行为的刑法规制

我国对嫖宿幼女行为的刑法规制经历了一个从无到有、从模糊到明确的过程。现行刑法将嫖宿幼女行为单独设罪,导致了犯罪归类错误、刑罚横向失衡、价值导向混乱以及司法操作困难等问题。嫖宿幼女罪存在的缺陷无法通过解释论加以合理解决,应在立法上取消本罪,对嫖宿幼女行为根据其行为内容分别以强奸罪或者猥亵儿童罪定罪处罚。