作为偶像崇拜的人权

人权既不是一种世俗宗教,也不是一种形而上学。认为人固有天然的尊严之类的主张尚可争议。人权不能被建立在人性基础上,而应建立在人类的历史和经验,如大屠杀、世界大战、奥斯威辛集中营、柯利马劳改营这样的基础之上。人权说明什么是对的,不说明什么是善的。人权只有作为一种关于“什么是对的”的“稀薄”理论才能博得全球认同。一种保护人权的普遍政治制度与道德个人主义是相容的。在一个全球社会,人权最低限度的共识在于这样一种基本直觉:对你来说是痛苦和羞辱的事情对我必定也是如此。     

以人权看待发展

发展权问题在理论和实践上至今没有得到很好的解决,主要是因为观念和制度上的障碍与误解。从将发展权界分为国际社会的主张与人权体系的重新分类来看,狭义的发展权意味着人权谱系的拓展,意味着需要以开放的方式理解人权。以人权看待发展,意味着对发展问题和人权问题的双向重新审视。     

The Proliferation of Human Rights in Global Health Governance

Human rights play an integral role in the global governance of health. Recently, both structural and normative aspects of human rights have proliferated across multiple levels and within multiple contexts around the world. Human rights proliferation is likely to have a positive impact on the governance of health because it can expand the avenues through which a human rights framework or human rights norms may be used to address and improve health.     

Human Rights as a Security Threat: Lawfare and the Campaign against Human Rights NGOs

In this article, I show how the term lawfare is being deployed as a speech act in order to encode the field of human rights as a national security threat. The objective, I claim, is to hinder the work of human rights organizations that produce and disseminate knowledge about social wrongs perpetrated by military personnel and government officials, particularly evidence of acts emanating from the global war on terrorism—such as torture and extrajudicial executions—that constitute war crimes and can be presented in courts that exercise universal jurisdiction. Using Israel as a case study, I investigate the local and global dimensions of the securitization processes, focusing on how different securitizing actors—academics, nongovernmental organizations, think tanks, policy makers, and legislators—mobilize the media, shape public opinion, lobby legislators and policy makers, introduce new laws, and pressure donors to pave the way for a form of exceptional intervention to limit the scope of human rights work.     

论人权原则与政府信息公开

人权原则以及政府信息公开制度的确立,体现了我国法治建设的重大成就和历史性进步。人权原则对政府信息公开制度具有理论和实践指导意义,人权原则在政府信息公开过程中具有抗衡权、正当程序实现权和保护请求权等应然权利。本文将人权原则理念与政府信息公开制度两者联系起来加以考察,以求达到人权原则对政府信息资源运用的理性指导与控制,进而构建政府权威信息源头地位。     

论作为人权与公民权的自由权

自中世纪以来 ,自由就是人类所追求的一种价值目标和生存状态。本文从人权和公民权的角度来论述自由权。在具体论述时从自由的含义出发 ,阐述自由和自由人权 ,进而揭示自由的法律意义 ,即法律上的自由权。在此基础之上 ,本文最后简要论述了自由与平等、秩序等价值目标的矛盾和平衡。     

Disproportionate Sentences as Human Rights Violations

The article explores the concepts of disproportionality and gross disproportionality in sentencing. Several constitutions or human rights documents prohibit grossly disproportionate sentences, either expressly or impliedly. The draft constitution of the European Union has a Charter of Fundamental Rights that includes the right not to be subjected to a disproportionate sentence. The possible meaning and application of this are discussed by reference to the development of related constitutional jurisprudence in other jurisdictions.     

论善治对人权的促进与阻碍

善治在西方治理理论中占有重要地位,其基本要素包括合法性、透明、责任、参与等。善治与人权具有内在的关联性。善治通过提高政府能力增强政府保障人权的能力,并减少对人权的侵害。善治还能推进公民对公共管理的参与,提升人权的实现水平。由于善治侧重于市场和经济治理,与人权原则存在差异,所以二者会产生冲突,善治计划可能导致政府过度集权以及产生新的腐败,阻碍对人权的保护。     

论作为人权和公民权的表达权

党的十七大报告首次提出保障公民的"表达权"的概念和承诺.表达自由是首要的基本人权和公民权,是公民实现政治参与的前提.其中言论自由是表达自由的核心,是公民参与政治、监督国家、实现当家作主的必由之路,是推进先进思想文化和人类精神境界的动力.新闻自由则是作为人民对政府和公众人物进行舆论监督的镜鉴.而没有出版自由,则其他一切自由都是泡影.论述体现在这三方面的表达自由的理念和规范.     

以人权促进发展:工具性人权论

人权与发展是当今世界两大议题,而长久以来人权与发展在两条互不搭界的轨道上运行,人权与发展的结合能为人类增添更多福祉。人权是发展的目的,发展是为了扩展人权,这是目的性人权论。而人权必须以经济社会发展为基础,且人权能够促进经济社会发展,因而"以人权促进发展"的工具性人权,是人权最终得以保障的最佳路径。工具性人权有着深厚的法理底蕴、现实基础和规范支撑,人权演进的历史其实就是一部工具性人权的发展史,从古代到现代、从美国到中国的实践经验无不表明人权对发展的重大作用,世界人权宪章等国际规范性文件无不论证着工具性人权的重要价值。     

和谐人权:中国精神与人权文化的互济

根植于冲突与对立的传统人权观已不能应对现代社会文化多元的挑战,人权原教旨主义者的坚守、人权政治学的庸俗实用化、人权法理学的技术性进步都在戕害着人权本身固有的批判精神.以发乎和谐的中国精神化育西方文化本位人权观,并不是对其价值的抛弃或取代,而是对其精神的拓展与提升.基于和谐的人权不仅会使西方人权观超越其历史局限性而赢得其普遍性,也会使中国精神超越其民族性而赢得其世界性.     

“人权的终结”六论

作为意识形态的人权成功波及全球,而作为实践的人权却面临着巨大灾难和困境,这形成了鲜明的悖论。尽管权利是自由主义的卓越产物,但自由主义政治哲学和法律哲学却未能充分理解权利的运作。因此,本文提出一种新的人权谱系和人权哲学对自由主义人权理论予以替代。作者主要从人权与自然法的革命性特征,人权与主权的内在联系,人权普世主义与文化相对主义的相互依赖,以及人权在追求人的解放和自我实现过程中对主体的分裂和重构等方面展开论述。     

Implications of the Human Rights Act (1998) for schools

The Human Rights Act 1998 finally came into operation on 2 October 2000 for all jurisdictions of the United Kingdom. The Act, which incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into the UKs domestic laws, means that it will be unlawful for public authorities, which includes the DfEE and LEAs, to act in a way which is incompatible with the fundamental human rights set out in the Convention (found in Schedule 1 to the HRA). Bodies such as schools and their governing bodies, whose functions are of a public nature, are also covered by the legislation. The articles of the Act which have a particular relevance for schools and education are identified. It is probable that pupils and their legal advisers will invoke the Act in disputes over a wide range of educational issues, for example, bullying, exclusions and suspensions. Some of these issues are examined and where possible existing European human rights case law is cited. It is likely that the HRA will create interesting legal challenges involving schools and education, some of which cannot be anticipated at the moment, and that the Act will cause changes to education laws and schools regulatory procedures .     

Raz on Rights: Human Rights,Fundamental Rights,and Balancing

After clarifying the outlines of Raz's interest theory of rights and its relationship to aspects of the principles theory of rights, I consider how his recent observations on human rights manage to fit (or fail to fit) into the interest theory. I then address two questions. First, I elaborate on Raz's definition of morally fundamental rights, arguing that he is right in claiming that there are no such rights. I then show that the interest theory accommodates the notion that rights may take qualitative precedence over conflicting considerations—a question that has become increasingly relevant in light of recent writing on rights.     

法治价值观:以人的尊严为导向

法治价值观是法治理论的核心内容,决定着法治实践的方向与成败。法治的价值是法治因其性状和属性而对人的需要之满足的效用。法治价值不同于法律价值,是对法律价值的超越。对当代国际人权法和法治理论进行考察,可以从中总结出以人的尊严为导向的法治价值观。这一法治价值观的核心命题包括:人的尊严是法治的终极价值;法治是人的尊严的构成要件;法治对人的尊严而言具有构成性内在价值。法治与人权都是人的尊严的构成要件,是两个并列的概念。根据目的解释和体系解释的方法,法治对法律提出了特定实质价值与内容上的要求:法律的内容要符合维护人的尊严之要求,即法律要尊重和保护人权。     

The European Union and Human Rights: Towards A Post-National Human Rights Institution?

There is growing evidence that the European Union (EU) is becomingmore involved in human rights protection and has the capacityto turn into an unprecedented post-national human rights protectioninstitution. Based on that evidence, this article suggests differentarguments in favour of a further development in this direction.These arguments stem not only from a general global justiceapproach to post-national institutions’ responsibilities,but also from the concept of human rights itself and the specificneeds of human rights protection at the post-national level.The EU's institutional framework presents advantages that fitthe general criteria of institutional design in the human rightscontext. Of course, many doubts and critiques may be raisedagainst an entity which started primarily as a functional andeconomic institution, and important reforms, some of which areventured in the present article, are still needed to get theEU closer to this institutional ideal. More generally, the articleemphasises the unique example and precedent the EU may constitutefor normative institutional thinking about global justice atthe post-national level.