动脉喷溅血迹动力学及形态学的模拟实验观察

目的观察不同压力、管径对在水平方向上形成的喷溅状血迹的喷射距离及形态的影响。方法建立室内现场环境,利用自制的模拟喷射装置,在60～210mmHg范围内设6种压力,在1.5～4.5mm范围内设4种管径条件,于50、100、150cm 3种高度,制作动脉喷溅血迹。观察水平面上不同喷射高度的喷溅血迹的分布范围、血迹大小及形态特征,并测量其距离,采用SPSS 13.0统计软件进分析,并进行方差检验。结果在不同高度,血液喷射距离随压力增大而增加,随管径增大而减小,两因素间存在交互作用,距离与压力及管径存在较好的线性关系,可得出回归方程。而喷溅血迹的形态特征总体趋势为:高度越高圆形血滴直径约大;管径越粗,边缘毛刺状突起越明显;压力越大,喷射距离越远,且卫星状血迹逐渐增多,拖尾更拉长;随管径的增加,出现椭圆形血滴所需的压力越高。结论动脉喷溅血迹的形态及喷射距离的观察与测量,可用于推断命案现场喷溅源位置及人体受损伤时的体位。     

水泥地面上滴落状血迹形态的模拟实验

目的观察水泥地面上不同高度、速度对滴落状血迹的形态和大小,应用于现场勘验。方法采用等量抗凝人血,在静态和动态条件下,进行滴落状血迹的模拟实验,观察血迹的形态,测量其直径,用专业统计软件进行分析。结果在静态条件下,滴落状血迹呈圆形,其周围有毛刺状突起;滴落状血迹的大小(直径)与滴落高度之间有较好的线性关系,可得出回归方程。在慢走、急走、跑、快跑动态条件下,滴落状血迹为圆形或椭圆形,沿运动方向的一侧出现突起;高度、速度分别对血迹形态有影响,而且两者有交互作用。结论滴落状血迹形态和大小的观察和测量,可用推断出血部位的高度、运动速度和方向。     

垂直抛甩状血迹形态的模拟观察

目的观察不同类型打击工具的垂直抛甩状血迹形态。方法选择常见的菜刀、匕首、方锤、铁管作为打击工具。用沾新鲜鸡血5 m L的工具自上而下进行垂直抛甩,对距离垂直墙壁30 cm处形成的血迹形态进行测量分析,通过对抛甩血迹的整体分布特征(跨度、宽度、密度)、起始血迹的形态特征(长度、宽度、接触角度)进行分析。结果匕首形成抛甩血迹的分布跨度最小(P0.05);在整体分布宽度上,菜刀最小(P0.05);在整体分布密度上,除菜刀与方锤之间差异无统计学意义,其他工具两两之间差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。方锤较其他三种工具在起始血迹点长度上最长(P0.05);菜刀与方锤、匕首与方锤在起始血迹点宽度上差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论每一类型的打击工具所形成的垂直抛甩血迹形态具有一定的特征,可用于命案现场推断打击工具的类型。     

圆形滴状血迹形态与血滴体积、撞击速度的相关性

目的观察不同体积的血滴以3种撞击速度垂直撞击3种不同介质形成的滴状血迹形态及大小,并探讨其相关性。方法将8种不同体积（14～115IxL）的抗凝猪m形成血滴,以3种不同的撞击速度（3．1～5．4m／s）分别垂直滴落于白纸、玻璃及釉面地砖上,观察形成血迹的形态特征,测量其直径,并采用SPSS13．0统计软件进行分析。结果在3种撞击速度条件下,在3种介质上形成的滴状血迹直径均随血滴体积的增加而增大,血迹直径与血滴体积存在较好的线性关系,可得出回归方程（回归模型R2〉0．85,P〈0．01）;介质表面越粗糙,血迹直径越小;仅在自纸上发现血迹边缘有突起形成,且其数目随血滴体积的增加而增多。撞击速度及血滴体积存在较好的多重线性关系,可得出多重回归方程（回归模型R2〉0．90,P〈0．01）。结论垂直撞击形成的血迹形态及大小与血滴体积、撞击速度具有显著的相关性,可望用于推测出血源位置、受伤体位及出血部位载体。     

重叠血迹沉积顺序的形态特征分析

目的 探究重叠血迹的形态特征,判断血迹的沉积顺序。方法 在瓷砖客体上模拟滴落状血迹与血鞋印形成的重叠血迹,分析6组重叠血迹的形态特征差异并筛选有效的指示性特征,统计受试者在经过形态特征指导前后对血迹沉积顺序判断的正确率。结果 受试者掌握重叠血迹的形态特征后,对沉积顺序判断的正确率由59.5%提升至89.0%,对初始血迹干湿情况判断的正确率由45.6%提升至65.3%。结论 基于重叠血迹的形态特征不仅可以有效判断血迹的沉积顺序,还可以判断初始血迹的干湿情况,从而推断血迹沉积的时间间隔,为犯罪现场的分析与重建提供技术支撑。     

现场血迹推断出血点位置的研究进展

血迹是命案现场最常见的痕迹之一,对血迹形态的分析是一种重建犯罪现场的有效方法,而根据现场血迹推断出血点位置则是血迹形态分析的主要任务之一。随着血迹研究的不断发展,出现了许多不同的方法（如传统拉线法、三角函数法、绘图法、计算机程序法、公式计算法、回归方程法等）用于推断出血点位置。通过结合国内外相关文献,对不同的方法进行了综述,以期为相关研究提供参考。     

9种介质上滴落状血迹的模拟实验研究和应用

目的观察不同高度和速度滴落在9种介质上的血迹的形态、大小及与高度,速度之间的关系。方法采用抗凝人血,在静态和动态条件下,进行滴落状血迹的模拟实验,观察血迹的形态,测量其直径,用spss12.0统计软件进行分析。结果在静态条件下,滴落血迹,多呈圆形,其周围有毛刺状突起;7种介质上滴落血迹的大小(直径)与滴落高度之间有较好的线性关系,可得出回归方程。在慢走、急走、跑、快跑动态条件下,滴落血迹为圆形或椭圆形,沿运动方向的一侧出现突起;高度、速度分别对血迹形态有影响,在水泥路面上两者有交互作用。结论滴落状血迹形态和大小,可用于对出血部位的高度、运动速度和方向的推断。     

凶杀案现场血迹分析1例

1案例资料 1．1简要案情 某女,53岁,某日19时被发现死于出租房内。据调查,13时许曾有人见过死者,15时许死者家门关闭,邻居未能与其联系上,晚饭后房东用备用钥匙开门后发现人已死亡,遂报警。     

织物表面滴落状血迹形态分析与应用

目的 探究织物表面血迹形态的变化规律。方法 选取纯棉、涤纶和亚麻三种常见织物作为血迹承载客体,分析不同靶面质地和滴落高度对血迹形态的影响。结果 在一定高度范围内,棉织物表面血迹的大小与滴落高度正相关,与纱线支数负相关。涤纶织物表面血迹毛细现象明显,血迹大小随滴落高度的增加先增大后减小,最后趋于稳定。亚麻织物呈现出更强的疏水特性,血迹面积最小。卫星血迹的数量和溅洒的最远距离与织物的材质、纱线支数以及滴落高度显著相关,可作为血液滴落距离推断的重要参考指标。结论 本研究可为流血现场中血源判断和行为分析提供一定的数据支撑,具有重要的理论和实际应用价值。     

轿车内杀人现场的血迹形态分析1例

1案件简介某夜,某闹市区一婚纱摄影店因店面装修,两名员工在“本田”商务车轿车内看守店内装潢材料,被人杀死在车内。现场轿车车门呈闭锁状,左前门窗玻璃向下微开。打开车门,驾驶座椅上有一具男尸（陈某）,驾驶座椅向后倾倒,尸体呈仰卧状,上身赤裸。     

开发高灵敏度血痕发光试剂用于法医现场检测

目的开发高灵敏度血痕发光试剂用于法医现场检测。方法本项目通过借鉴ECL发光的原理,通过化学电子链的乒乓共轭激活原理,使用均匀设计实验方法优化条件,合成多个新化合物,开发出新型高灵敏度血痕发光试剂。结果本项目开发的高灵敏度血痕发光试剂灵敏度高,发光时间长,在血液稀释1000倍的情况下,使用Chemi Scope3300化学发光成像系统读取荧光值,经过灰度转化最高值达到56,发光时间达到10分钟。结论本项目成功开发了高灵敏度血痕发光试剂,可以应用于法医现场检测。     

An evaluation of the underlying mechanisms of bloodstain pattern analysis error

An experiment was designed to explore the underlying mechanisms of blood disintegration and its subsequent effect on area of origin (AO) calculations. Blood spatter patterns were created through the controlled application of pressurized air (20-80 kPa) for 0.1 msec onto suspended blood droplets (2.7-3.2 mm diameter). The resulting disintegration process was captured using high-speed photography. Straight-line triangulation resulted in a 50% height overestimation, whereas using the lowest calculated height for each spatter pattern reduced this error to 8%. Incorporation of projectile motion resulted in a 28% height underestimation. The AO xy-coordinate was found to be very accurate with a maximum offset of only 4 mm, while AO size calculations were found to be two- to fivefold greater than expected. Subsequently, reverse triangulation analysis revealed the rotational offset for 26% of stains could not be attributed to measurement error, suggesting that some portion of error is inherent in the disintegration process.     

Changes in the morphology and presumptive chemistry of impact and pooled bloodstain patterns by Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Bloodstain pattern analysis can be critical to accurate crime scene reconstruction. However, bloodstain patterns can be altered in the presence of insects and can confound crime scene reconstruction. To address this problem, we conducted a series of controlled laboratory experiments to investigate the effect of Lucilia sericata (Meigen) on impact bloodstains and pooled bloodstains in association with three combinations of common surfaces (linoleum/painted drywall, wood floor/wallpaper, and carpet/wood paneling). L. sericata fed from the pooled bloodstains and added insect stains through regurgitation and defecation of consumed blood. L. sericata formed defecatory trails of insect stains that indicated directionality. Defecatory stains fluoresced when viewed at 465 nm with an orange filter. These observations differed from Calliphora vicina insect stains because feeding on blood spatter was not observed and trails of insect stains were formed by L. sericata. The fluorescence of defecatory stains can be used as a method to detect insect stains and discriminate them from real bloodstains.     

100例卖淫女被杀案的法医学检验分析

目的 分析卖淫女被杀案件的规律特点,为此类案件检验侦查提供参考.方法 采用描述性研究方法,对2005至2010年的100例卖淫女被杀案件进行回顾性分析.结果 此类案件66.7%发生于21时至3时之间,88.0%发生于城市.4、7两月发案最多.85.0%的案件发生于室内.95.0%的死者年龄在16～40岁.38.1%的死...     

Improving the point of origin determination in bloodstain pattern analysis

In bloodstain pattern analysis, it is important to know the point of origin (PO) of an impact pattern. This point can be estimated by means of the stringing method, the tangent method, or by commercially available computer programs. In this study, the accuracy of two computer programs was investigated under different conditions. Impact patterns were created by means of a modified mouse trap, and subsequently the PO was calculated. By examining the characteristics of single bloodstains, the influence on the deviation could be determined. To improve the estimation of the PO, it is important to select bloodstains that lie close to the presumable location of the blood source, that are large (width >1.5 mm) and that show an elliptical form. If possible, bloodstains from different walls should be taken into account. Our recommendations may improve the PO determination of impact patterns.     

Multivariate analysis for estimating the age of a bloodstain

Our objective is to provide crime laboratories with a technique for estimating the age of a bloodstain. Toward that goal, we have used multiplexed, real-time RT-PCR (or qPCR) to determine the relative stability of different-sized segments of the same RNA species as well as differences in stability between two different RNAs' change over time in bloodstains. Our results indicate that a multivariate analysis of the changing ratio of the different RNA segments can be used to differentiate between samples of different ages in the defined population. Bloodstains from 29 of 30 donors could be partitioned into different ages using this technique. Although further improvements will be required before this approach can be implemented in crime laboratories, the multivariate analysis holds promise of providing a reliable approach for temporally linking a bloodstain to the commission of a crime or excluding a bloodstain as being irrelevant to the case in question.     

应用RNA分析技术推断现场血痕形成时间

目的检测血痕中β-actin mRNA和18S rRNA在人体死后8～15d期间的表达残留,为推断血痕形成时间寻找新的客观依据。方法在上述时段内每天抽提血痕总RNA,利用实时定量RT-PCR技术监测18S rRNA和β-actin mRNA的扩增状况并对产物进行定量分析,通过检测18S rRNA与β-actin mRNA含量在各个时间点的变化趋势来推测血痕形成时间。结果死后8～15 d时段内18S rRNA与β-actinmRNA量的比值呈明显升高趋势,显示出两种不同类型RNA降解的时间差异性。结论一定时段内18SrRNA与β-actin mRNA量的相对变化,可作为推测血痕形成时间的参考指标。