想像竞合犯的理论探究

想像竞合犯,是指行为人实施一个事实行为,而同时触犯两个以上罪名的犯罪形态。其基本特征为:想像的犯罪竞合,实质的、裁判的一罪;基于单一或复合罪过的一个事实行为;同时触犯数个不同罪名的具体犯罪。想像竞合犯不同于规范竞合与结果加重犯。想像竞合犯一个事实行为的重复性,强调的是事实行为在数罪评价中的整体重复,包括准整体重复。打击错误原则上可以视为想像竞合犯的情形。对于想像竞合犯从一重处断。     

论想象竞合犯的若干问题

想象竞合犯是非数罪形态之一 ,虽然我国现行刑法中并没有想象竞合犯的明文规定 ,但理论上普遍承认这种犯罪形态。想象竞合犯在理论上 ,应承认异种想象竞合犯为宜 ;其法律性质作为科刑上的一罪来理解比较恰当 ;在想象竞合犯的情况下 ,行为人主观上实际是具有数个罪过。     

想象竞合犯处断原则的困境与重构

目前关于想象竞合犯的三大处断原则均存在不足。对此,必须以全面评价原则与禁止重复评价原则为指导,以行为无价值、结果无价值、主观罪过三要素为核心,构建新的想象竞合犯处断规则,即想象竞合犯的处刑应当是数罪中最重之宣告刑加上余罪之宣告刑的2/3。该处断规则必须在《刑法》第69条之下运行,即遵守限制加重原则,且如果数罪中有死刑或无期徒刑的,采取吸收原则,执行死刑或无期徒刑;如果数罪中有判处有期徒刑和拘役的,同样采吸收原则,执行有期徒刑;数罪中有判处有期徒刑和管制,或者拘役和管制的,采逐次执行原则,有期徒刑、拘役执行完毕后,管制仍须执行。     

非常时期涉疫情犯罪教义学的争议问题

此次涉新冠疫情犯罪,对刑法教义学提出了新挑战,使涉疫情犯罪教义学成为可能,同时带来非常时期刑事政策、刑法理念与规范等方面的争议。依法从严从重涉疫情犯罪之战"疫"刑事政策,并不只是量刑意义的,也涉及从严解释在罪与非罪、此罪与彼罪区分中的实现,涉疫情犯罪的不法性在非常时间尚需进行个别化判断,并需要立足于义务冲突理论化解不法性等争议问题。《关于依法惩治妨害新型冠状病毒感染肺炎疫情防控违法犯罪的意见》在以危险方法危害公共安全罪、妨害传染病防治罪的界限上,没有区分法条竞合与想象竞合,这会导致从严解释的政策意图落空。区分涉疫情犯罪之法条竞合与想象竞合的标准,除传统的法理标准外,还需强化政策标准,并发展与实践"明确优先于不明确"的法理标准。     

An investigation of factors influencing public opinion of property bias in CanadianCriminal Code maximum sentences

TheCriminal Code of Canada (Code) provides many statutory maximum sentences (maxima) that are more severe for property offenses than for offenses, against people. Past research has shown that, at least in the abstract, people consider offenses against the person as more serious and deserving of more severe sentences than property offenses. The present research investigated whether these results would be replicated when peoples' preferences were assessed under specific conditions. Participants (N=181) readCode definitions and crime vignettes for 6 offenses that were varied according to locus (internal versus external) and stability (stable versus unstable) of the cause of the offender's behavior and amount of harm to the victim (severe versus mild). Results demonstrated that offenses against people were considered more serious and deserving of more severe scenario sentences and maxima than property or white-collar offenses. Internal, stable, and severe harm conditions resulted in higher sentences, seriousness ratings, and, somewhat less consistently, maxima. Under no combination of conditions were preferred maxima greater for property or white-collar offenses than for offenses against people. Participants tended to underestimate property offense maxima and overestimate maxima for offenses against people. It is concluded that while the preferred length of maxima may change under different experimental conditions, the relationship between person and property offense preferred maxima does not.     

民事诉讼诉的合并问题探讨

本文研究的是民事诉讼狭义的诉的合并,即客观的诉的合并。客观的诉的合并,是指同一原告对同一被告在同一诉讼程序中主张两个以上诉讼标的。在存在诉的客观合并的诉讼中,形式上虽然是单一的诉讼,然而实质上却包含着若干个独立的诉。以合并诉的目的为标准,可以将客观的诉的合并分为四种:即单纯的诉的合并、竞合的诉的合并、预备的诉的合并以及选择的诉的合并,不同种类的诉的合并有不同的裁判要求。     

罪刑相适应原则在解释论中的贯彻

罪刑相适应不仅是立法原则,还是解释论应当遵循的重要原则,对构成要件的解释具有重要的指导作用。坚持严格区分法条竞合与想象竞合犯,固守"本法另有规定的,依照规定"表明只能适用特别法的先前理解,总是指责立法存在缺陷,必然导致罪刑不均衡的刑法条文比比皆是的现象。我们应当果断摒弃先前错误的理解与做法,在解释论中最大限度地贯彻罪刑相适应原则,充分运用竞合论原理"从一重处断",以实现刑法的公平正义。     

论请求权竞合时诉的客观合并之形态

为缓解“案多人少”矛盾,很有必要以妥当处理请求权竞合纠纷为切入点,拓展诉的客观合并制度的研究。与我国《民法典》第186条规范目的相符合的是请求权自由竞合说与择一实现说。依据实体法的规定、学说及我国诉讼标的理论、诉讼制度,诉讼实务中可能出现规模化的后续诉讼。诉的客观合并具有现实必要性和理论上的应然性。随着请求权竞合现象增多,为了充分保障当事人权利、一次性解决纠纷,应尽快确立完整的诉的客观合并制度。就诉的客观合并的具体形态而言,不宜以客观预备合并应对请求权观念竞合现象。请求权观念竞合时采竞合合并较为适宜。请求权现实竞合时可允许选择合并与客观预备合并。     

刑事立法对破坏金融秩序犯罪的新修正

为适用维护金融秩序的实际需要,保证金融交易安全,《中华人民共和国刑法修正案(六)》对破坏金融管理秩序罪进行了修改和补充。应从修正背景、修正内容以及如何理解和适用等方面对新增设的犯罪进行探讨,从整体上把握对金融犯罪的立法变化。     

爆炸物犯罪司法疑难问题及其解决

爆炸物犯罪的法律规定存在漏洞,刑法理论界对有关爆炸物犯罪的研究欠深、广,导致了司法实践中处理爆炸物犯罪时对犯罪对象、行为、罪数认定及刑罚裁量等出现争议和疑难。认真探讨这些问题,对丰富爆炸物犯罪理论和解决爆炸物犯罪量刑失衡具有重大意义。立法和司法解释对爆炸物的外延不周延,应从社会危害性角度考虑予以解决;对爆炸物犯罪行为认定的疑难,应从各种犯罪行为的本质特点予以认定;对罪数形态认定的疑难,应从把握事后不可罚行为和想象竞合犯等刑法理论的基础上具体分析认定;对于刑罚裁量上的失衡,应从正确认定处罚情节和正确适用司法解释来解决。     

Early onset offending and later violent and gun outcomes in a contemporary youth cohort

Currently there is great concern regarding the high homicide rate and persistent weapon carrying among urban youth. Criminal career research has offered criminology an opportunity to understand offending as a process that has a beginning, middle, and end. Using that framework, the current study examined a contemporary cohort of arrestees and estimated the extent to which age of first arrest predicts future violent and gun offending. Net of demographic and offending variables, the results indicated that early onset was a significant predictor of serious violent offenses and weapon involvement. Theoretical and policy implications of these findings are discussed.     

构建刑事诉讼缺席审判制度的思考

在我国三大诉讼法中,民事诉讼法和行政诉讼法都规定了缺席判决制度,唯独刑事诉讼法没有规定缺席判决制度,目前在刑事案件的审理中是禁止缺席判决的。由于我国法律没有关于刑事缺席审判制度的规定,所以在打击跨国犯罪惩处潜逃境外的经济犯罪分子、打击单位犯罪等方面往往处于不利的地位。从目前刑事诉讼理论的发展和司法实践的需要的角度看,我国建立刑事缺席审判制度,不仅是必要的,而且是可行的。     

解读《刑法修正案(六)》

《刑法修正案(六)》增设了群众活动重大安全事故罪等新的犯罪,对有些犯罪的构成要件进行了修改,从而需要对公司、企业人员受贿罪等犯罪的罪名予以变更,个别罪名(违法向关系人发放贷款罪)因已丧失独立存在价值而应当取消。     

试论数罪并罚的根据--兼论我国数罪并罚制度的缺陷及完善

刑罚目的的要求、刑法规定的要求、剥夺利益存在的要求和刑罚方法极限的要求是确定数罪并罚规则的根据。依照数罪 并罚的四个根据,文章对我国刑罚合并执行的各种类型提出相应的合并执行规则,并对我国数罪并罚制度存在的不足提出了相应完 善建议。     

Alternatives to imprisonment in Kenya

Conclusion In spite of the wide variety of sentencing options available in Kenya, the courts overwhelmingly choose to sanction by imprisonment. Even default on the payment of a fine can lead to a prison term where extramural penal employment would at the very least be more economical and more beneficial to the community. In my view, the main purpose of penal policy is to provide an opportunity for the offender to reintegrate himself or herself into society and to rectify the damage both to the victim and to society caused by the crime. Imprisonment frustrates these objectives and should be reserved for habitual serious offenders and for grave offenses that do not readily lend themselves to alternative sanctions. Even in such cases, however, compensation can be ordered in addition to a prison term.Settlement, restitution, and similar approaches should become routine for all minor offenses. Putting primary reliance on alternative sanctions should produce considerable savings in costs and in manpower, alleviating some of the pressure now experienced by an overburdened criminal justice system. To derive the greatest benefit from alternative sanctions, we need also to review and integrate indigenous traditions of community-based dispute resolution into the statutory structure.This is a revised version of a paper presented at a sentencing workshop organized by the Society for the Reform of Criminal Law, the Legal Resources Foundation, and the Law Development Commission, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, September 1–5, 1993.I am grateful to Professor Daniel Van Ness, Legal Advisor on Criminal Justice to the Government of Malta; and to Madeleine Sann, Director of Publication,Criminal Law Forum, for their suggestions.M.S., Vikram University (Ujjain, India) 1968; LL.B., Vikram University 1975; LL.M., University of London 1976.     

连带债务共同诉讼关系之探讨

我国现行《民事诉讼法》将连带债务共同诉讼作为必要共同诉讼的情形之一,要求连带债务人必须共同进行诉讼。学术界和实务界一致认为,应将必要共同诉讼划分为固有必要共同诉讼与类似必要共同诉讼,并将连带债务共同诉讼理所当然地归入类似必要共同诉讼的范畴。从民事实体法与民事程序法的联结点上来考察,连带债务共同诉讼应属普通共同诉讼,而非类似必要共同诉讼。     

论盗窃虚拟财产的定性

以非法获取计算机信息系统数据罪定性盗窃虚拟财产的行为虽然符合罪刑法定原则的要求,但该罪名不能反映犯罪目的,盗窃虚拟财产的行为也没有扰乱公共秩序,虚拟财产具有价值,也可脱离受害者的控制,并能被盗窃者实际控制,符合盗窃罪的要求,盗窃者如果具有永久性剥夺受害人虚拟财产的犯罪意图的,应该以盗窃罪追究其刑事责任,域外的实践也将盗窃虚拟财产的行为定性为盗窃罪.盗窃虚拟财产的行为也可能构成盗窃罪、侵犯通信自由罪、非法获取计算机信息系统数据罪与破坏计算机信息系统罪,属想象竞合犯.     

Street Youth Crime: A Test of Control Balance Theory

Utilizing a sample of 400 homeless street youths, the paper explores the role control balance plays in the generation of crime. Using vignettes designed to represent violent crime, serious property crime, and minor property crime, the paper tests whether these youths sense of control over their poverty, shelter, hunger and other living conditions influences their participation in crime. Further, it examines how perceptions of risk and thrill, as well as deviant values, self‐control, deviant histories, and peer support impact on crime. Results indicate that both control deficits and control surpluses were related to assault and serious theft but not minor theft. Perceptions of thrill, deviant peers, deviant histories, and deviant values predicted violent and property crime, and perceptions of risk were related to the property offenses. Criminal peers also conditioned the impact of control surpluses and deficits on property offenses. Results are discussed in terms of future research and policy.     

论微罪体系的构建--以醉酒驾驶型危险驾驶罪研究为切入点

近年来,我国活跃的刑事立法中呈现出法定最高刑为一年有期徒刑以下(含拘役)的微罪类型,这在我国刑罚结构明显趋重的刑法体系中显得尤为特殊。我国刑罚附随后果的严重性和广泛性,使微罪在司法适用中受到了质疑,其中最为明显的当属醉酒驾驶型危险驾驶罪。微罪的正当性建立在法益保护原则以及比例原则的基础上。在立法设计方面,微罪入刑应当严守“非实害犯”的界定,并以故意这一主观要件对刑事可罚性予以限制;同时应配置轻缓化的处遇措施,注重与行政处罚的衔接。在司法适用方面,微罪一律起诉、一律判刑的思维不可取。为实现个案公正,应当充分发挥现有刑事诉讼制度框架内的相对不起诉制度功能,并激活我国《刑法》第37条定罪免刑条款,以达到微罪的轻缓化处罚效果。