交易成本和价格歧视理论在著作权合理使用中的定位与适用

经济学交易成本理论和价格歧视理论是数字时代强化著作权保护,限制合理使用的主要理论依据.由于某些合理使用是为克服交易成本过高的市场失灵而设,交易成本理论和价格歧视理论对合理使用范围的缩小具有一定的解释力.但是,它们不是确定合理使用范围的唯一标准.除交易成本外,外部性的内部化和公共利益也是影响合理使用适用的重要因素.当存在正外部性无法有效内部化的市场失灵,或者基于维护公共利益,也应考虑适用合理使用规则,以确保作品正外部性的充分释放.     

网络语境下我国音乐作品著作权保护研究——以利益平衡为论证展开范式

信息技术具有两面性,其发展在给人们带来便利的同时,也给音乐著作权的保护带来冲击。由于我国法律存在的缺陷、市场运行的失灵等因素,网络音乐作品著作权的不同利益主体之间冲突愈加明显,不利于整个社会文化的发展。利益平衡是解决问题的根本方法,而平衡机制的完善则不仅需要法律的进步,更需要在技术、管理等措施上作出改进,如完善合理使用、法定许可制度,加强技术措施与合理限制,促进集体管理机制构建,建立网络环境下的版权补偿金制度等。     

论著作权技术措施的例外

技术措施作为独立于传统著作权体系的新制度,其例外的设立标准与适用范畴都有待进一步完善.在设立标准上,技术措施的例外应以解决市场失灵为前提,确保著作权人的经济收益不会遭受重大损失;在适用范畴上,技术措施的例外应考虑数字技术对交易成本的影响,严格限制接触层面的规避行为,并将合理使用维持在利用行为的层面.同时,针对通过技术措施限制竞争的行为,可以引入权利滥用条款,弥补技术措施例外在解决市场失灵问题上的不足.     

论中国著作权合理使用制度的完善——兼评《著作权法修订草案(送审稿)》第43条

合理使用是著作权法中激励创作与接近作品之平衡.作品的合理使用能够增进信息的传播和利用、推动知识创新.在数字环境下,作品的表达方式与传播途径多样化,著作权的内容不断丰富、著作权的保护标准亦进一步提高.在著作权强保护的情形下,中国现行《著作权法》第22条列举的12种合理使用情形不能平衡创作的激励与作品的接近,以及私人利益和公共利益.基于此《著作权法修订草案》(送审稿)第43条则采用折中式的立法模式即一般规定与具体列举相结合,扩充了合理使用的适用范围、增强了合理使用的适应性,而第43条尚存待完善之处.     

互联网环境中著作权规制基本原则研究

著作权作为知识产权的重要组成部分，其演变受到技术发展的深刻影响。数字技术和网络技术是著作权制度经历的第三次浪潮，为了适应技术的发展，著作权制度中的占有规则和传播规则面临深刻调整。这种调整在现阶段因互联网环境中作品流通特质性的影响而出现失灵的状况，为解决这种失灵状态，有必要在利益平衡原则的基础上对著作权制度进行重新的调整。     

著作权合理使用制度解析

著作权法合理使用制度具有其正当性。在实践中,应对著作权合理使用的判断标准作出明确的界定。由于网络时代对著作权合理使用制度带来了冲击,我国著作权合理使用制度应予以完善。     

论重混创作行为的法律规制

重混创作在新技术发展的背景下获得了长足的发展,也引发了不少著作权争议。反对者认为重混创作侵犯了在先作品的著作权,支持者认为它是一种合理使用行为并有利于社会文化的进步。为了促进文化的繁荣,我们应当采取适当的措施促进合法的重混创作的发展,一是立法上应当适当扩大合理使用制度的适用范围,引入美国著作权法中的合理使用判断标准处理重混创作问题;二是应当将符合合理使用判断标准的滑稽模仿行为及业余作者非营利性创作重混作品而使用在先作品的行为纳入合理使用情形中;三是对于职业作者为创作重混作品而使用在先作品的行为,应通过法定许可使用制度、知识共享协议等方式予以规制。     

著作权合理使用司法认定标准释疑

我国著作权合理使用制度的立法设计源自对《伯尔尼公约》中"三步检验法"的本土化。然而,由于制度移植仅停留在立法条文借鉴而非解释规则上,这使得我国法院在司法实践中完全根据自身的理解适用著作权合理使用规则,甚至直接引入判例法国家法官造法的结论解决相关案件,导致合理使用的司法认定标准丧失可预期性和可操作性。为调和著作权合理使用穷尽式列举立法与扩大解释需求之间的矛盾,我国需要在解释论上围绕"三步检验法"梳理著作权合理使用的适用逻辑。通过对国际著作权公约中"三步检验法"权威解释的分析,可将我国《著作权法》第22条列举的12项合理使用类型和《著作权法实施条例》第21条规定的两个判定标准分别对应"三步检验法"中的三个认定要件。首先,在解释顺序上应遵循将法定列举类型作为法源基础的原则,排除超出法定类型的法官造法。其次,以两个一般判定要件进一步界定著作权合理使用的适用范围。通过前者可保护著作权人的可期待利益,通过后者可设定法院在判定可期待利益合理范围上的自由裁量标准。     

完善我国著作权立法的几个问题

“著作权法”这一名称不能完全概括其规范的内容，把著作权和邻接权两种性质不同权利统一在“著作权法”名下，使得著作权法的内在逻辑体系混乱，而且容易导致误解，需要正名。著作权的立法宗旨只能反映基本原则的内容，不能代替基本原则，著作权的复杂性决定立法应当明文规定其特有的原则。著作权立法有必要增加和修改某些具体的法律制度。如著作权犯罪、著作权法定赔偿、合理使用和法定许可的某些规定等等     

我国著作权合理使用制度的立法完善——从高考试题使用他人漫画作品著作权纠纷案谈起

本文结合案例,对我国著作权合理使用进行了深入细致的分析,从合理使用的指导性原则、范围和类型等多角度对著作权合理使用和著作权侵权的界限做了简要的界定,旨在帮助人们在司法实践中正确把握合理使用的标准,为著作权侵权纠纷案件的正确审理提供依据,同时也为我国未来著作权立法中不断完善著作权合理使用制度提供有益的参考意见。     

我国著作权合理使用判断标准的反思与重构

因素主义和规则主义是世界各国著作权合理使用判断标准的两种基本模式,各有利弊.我国立法目前采用完全的规则主义模式,在实践中造成了判断标准的僵化,无法完全适应现实生活的需要.以利益平衡为原则,以作品的使用目的、被使用作品的性质、使用作品的程度以及对被使用作品的市场影响为要素并辅之以具体规则的"原则 要素 规则"的模式应当成为我国著作权合理使用判断标准的重构方向.     

The Google conundrum: Perpetrator or facilitator on the net? – Forging a fair copyright framework of rights, liability and responsibility in response to search engine 2.0 – Part I: The Google Images Search Engine

Is Google in its quest for search engine optimization through the creation of new technologies, which not only improves its search algorithms but also refines its search functions for users, doing it in a manner that makes it a perpetrator of primary copyright infringement or an invaluable facilitator for Internet functionality? How should the balance of interests in the treatment of creative works be recalibrated in the face of changes in search engine technology and operations, and the disputes that have arisen within the last decade in the context of the digital age and its needs? Using Google as a case study, this paper will look at the two main areas of dispute over the operations of information locator tools and services that either threatens search engine functionality and efficiency or weakens copyright holders’ exclusive rights. It proposes a concerted set of solutions through a reassessment and amendment of copyright law to optimize the social benefits and objectives of both the copyright regime and technological innovations in the electronic model of information archiving, indexing and delivery. A fair distribution of responsibilities and allocation of rights and liabilities will be suggested. In the process, due consideration will be given to both public and private interests, with the former taking precedence; while the recommended solutions will be made within the currently outdated framework for Internet intermediary protection (i.e. safe harbor laws) and exceptions (i.e. specific statutory exemptions and the general fair use defense) under the existing copyright regime. Thus, the proposed changes will be far reaching without being too radical a departure from current law, an evolution that will likely be more acceptable and realistic a solution to the problem.This paper is published in two parts. Part One of this paper will deal with the challenges to the copyright regime posed by the operations and technology behind the Google Images Search Engine, while Part Two that will be published in the subsequent edition of the CLSR will assess the benefits of the Google Books Search Project vis-à-vis the effects it will have on the scope of copyright protection. Recommendations are made to copyright law to accommodate both functions while generally preserving the main objectives of copyright protection.     

The Google conundrum: Perpetrator or facilitator on the net? - Forging a fair copyright framework of rights, liability and responsibility in response to search engine 2.0 - Part II: The Google Books Search Project

Is Google in its quest for search engine optimization through the creation of new technologies, which not only improves its search algorithms but also refines its search functions for users, doing it in a manner that makes it a perpetrator of primary copyright infringement or an invaluable facilitator for Internet functionality? How should the balance of interests in the treatment of creative works be recalibrated in the face of changes in search engine technology and operations, and the disputes that have arisen within the last decade in the context of the digital age and its needs? Using Google as a case study, this paper will look at the two main areas of dispute over the operations of information locator tools and services that either threatens search engine functionality and efficiency or weakens copyright holders’ exclusive rights. It proposes a concerted set of solutions through a reassessment and amendment of copyright law to optimize the social benefits and objectives of both the copyright regime and technological innovations in the electronic model of information archiving, indexing and delivery. A fair distribution of responsibilities and allocation of rights and liabilities will be suggested. In the process, due consideration will be given to both public and private interests, with the former taking precedence; while the recommended solutions will be made within the currently outdated framework for Internet intermediary protection (i.e. safe harbor laws) and exceptions (i.e. specific statutory exemptions and the general fair use defense) under the existing copyright regime. Thus, the proposed changes will be far reaching without being too radical a departure from current law, an evolution that will likely be more acceptable and realistic a solution to the problem.This paper is published in two parts. Part One of this paper published in the previous edition of the CLSR at [2011] 27 CLSR 110-131 dealt with the challenges to the copyright regime posed by the operations and technology behind the Google Images Search Engine, while Part Two will assess the benefits of the Google Books Search Project vis-à-vis the effects it will have on the scope of copyright protection. Recommendations are made to copyright law to accommodate both functions while generally preserving the main objectives of copyright protection.     

戏仿的法律保护和限制——从《一个馒头引发的血案》切入

通过分析《一个馒头引发的血案》以及类似作品,本文指出它代表了一类我国著作权法中没有明确予以规定的戏仿作品;并主张,由于戏仿的娱乐和批评价值,我国著作权法应当基于“合理使用”原则对戏仿予以保护;基于中国的国情,戏仿有可能涉及侵犯个人的人格(名誉)和市场价值(声誉),应当根据情况分别予以适度保护;由于电影产品消费的特殊性,保护戏仿还具有保护消费者权益以及促进当代中国的文化、社会建设的意义。     

《著作权法》第三次修改是国情巨变的要求

为了应对时代的挑战和国情的巨变,著作权法第三次修改工作已经拉开序幕。要进一步推进著作权制度的改革和发展,就必须将之放在我国甚至全球政治、经济、文化等社会大环境和我国著作权司法发展大背景中来考量,秉承积极、稳妥、科学和理性态度,正确处理好技术进步导致的经济关系变革、市场经济的要求和文化发展等重要问题之间的关系,努力实现权利保护、作品传播和正当使用之间的协调和平衡。如此,方能构建起完善的著作权法律体系,培育国民对知识产权的普遍信仰。     

The Future of Fair Use

Despite the warnings of copyright scholars at the turn of the twenty-first century, the future of the fair use doctrine is bright. This essay considers the recent trend of fair use cases and offers specific examples of changes in fair use jurisprudence regarding courts’ use and definitions of transformativeness that belie the earlier doomsday scenarios and suggest instead the promise of further expansion of fair use. These trends should give hope for the future to those who believe a robust fair use doctrine is necessary to keep the proper balance between copyright owners and the public interest.     

Considering Fair Use: DMCA’s Take Down & Repeat Infringers Policies

Courts have recently clarified some aspects of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act safe harbor system, yet other aspects remain hazy. In this haze, ISPs are incentivized to over-block content, and copyright holders are allowed to give a narrow, subjective reading of a user’s fair use. Subjectively, copyright holders can, in good faith, hold objectively unreasonable views about fair use. The asymmetry between copyright holders’ rights and remedies and users’ rights and remedies threatens socially valuable speech and creates a chilling effect. And the risk of extra-judicial termination of Internet access under a vague and variable repeat infringers policies threatens fundamental First Amendment interests. Policy changes are proposed to harness fair use considerations to protect First Amendment interests in the digital sphere. The calculus and consequence for sending takedown notices should be recalibrated. By curbing copyright overreach and minimizing the chilling effect, the potential for robust exchanges over new communication technologies can be realized.     

Sampling Increases Music Sales: An Empirical Copyright Study

The Supreme Court instructs that the most important consideration in analyzing fair use is the effect on the market for the original. Employing music sales data, this article presents evidence of digital sampling's effect on the sales of sampled songs. Our results indicate that a reassessment of fair use in the area of music sampling is needed since sales of sampled songs increased after being repurposed within new songs. These results are robust and highly statistically significant. Findings of this nature favor a judicial determination that sampling constitutes a fair use, even when considering the influence that a new work has on extant licensing markets for sample clearance. This article argues that the current sample–licensing market is a product of aberrant antisampling case law arising from a lack of relevant empirical data and nonutilitarian judicial opinions. As set forth herein, the goal of encouraging creative activity without hindering copyright owners’ capacity to financially gain from their work is served by implementing a limited presumption of fair use for sampling. The findings are further applicable outside of the fair use analysis, as the study is important in the private law when viewed through a law and strategy lens. Forward thinking music firms should reframe their approach by encouraging sampling of their works to secure cost‐free advertising and achieve a competitive advantage.     

YouTube时代的美国网络著作权问题新探

网络时代，美国的著作权问题也面临着许多前所未有的挑战和冲击。著作权人疲于花费大量时间和全钱来控制网络著作权侵权行为的发生，而用户生成内容的网络盛行，是否也应封用户上传到网站上的侵权内容负责？此类纲站在“安全港湾”的庇护下，著作权人如何才能捍卫自己的权益？著作权人的权益与社会公来的合理使用权之间的矛盾该如何平衡？笔者拟以案说法，探讨依法解决美国当今网络著作权问题的新途径。