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1.
论法人的基本权利主体地位 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
美国宪法并没有规定公司是基本权利主体,美国联邦最高法院在很多判例中亦认定美国宪法的特权与豁免条款不适用于公司。宪法第14修正案通过后,尤其是自19世纪80年代以来,美国联邦最高法院逐渐将宪法的保护扩大适用于公司,使得公司成为某些宪法基本权利的主体。这一转变迎合了美国经济发展的需要,使得国内统一大市场的建立成为可能。本文借鉴美国的宪法实践,细致梳理了公司作为基本权利主体的相关理论。 相似文献
2.
Based on a combination of administrative data; juvenile court record review; and informed‐participant interviews of juvenile court judges, attorneys, and service providers, the current study examines the impact of the Foster Children's Project (FCP). FCP is a program that provides professional legal representation to children in substitute care. Legal representation by FCP attorneys is found to increase the rate of children's exit to adoption, leading to a higher overall rate of exit to permanence. The rate of exit to reunification is not, however, found to be affected by FCP representation. Implications for juvenile court policy and practice are discussed.
- Key Points for the Family Court Community:
- The study is the first of its kind to examine the impact of client‐directed representation in cases of children in foster care through examination of Palm Beach County's Foster Children's Project (FCP), which provides professional legal representation to those in state care.
- FCP representation was found to increase the rate of children's exit to adoption, leading to a higher overall rate of exit to permanence. The rate of exit to reunification, however, remained stable.
- Research findings are based on administrative data; juvenile court record review; and interviews of juvenile court judges, attorneys, and service providers.
3.
Jorge M. Chavez Anayeli Lopez Christine M. Englebrecht Ruben P. Viramontez Anguiano 《Family Court Review》2012,50(4):638-649
The present study examines the effect of unauthorized immigration status on child well‐being at a time of elevated immigration rates, economic decline, and unprecedented local lawmaking related to immigration. Immigrant families today are likely to differ from those of the past in that they are more likely to be from Latin America or the Caribbean and include unprecedented numbers of unauthorized immigrants. In addition, they are settling in destinations that have not historically had immigrant populations. The present study draws on interviews with 40 families from an emerging immigrant destination in north central Indiana to help illuminate the ways in which unauthorized immigration status influences child well‐being. Results illustrate that unauthorized status extends beyond the individual to families and that mixed‐status family situations create unique challenges for these families. More specifically, these results show the ways in which unauthorized immigrant status may impact family stress and uncertainty, health outcomes, and educational attainment and may result in increased social isolation for children in immigrant families.
- Key Points for the Family Court Community:
- Unauthorized immigration status is typically defined as an individual characteristics, however there are likely to be large numbers of families with authorized and unauthorized status family members. These “mixed‐status families” create unique challenges for families and children.
- This article informs practitioners about the ways in which recent state policies targeting unauthorized immigrants, in addition to existing federal policy, create barriers and negatively impact child and family well‐being for Latino immigrants, regardless individual immigration status.
- Unauthorized immigration status may impact family stress and uncertainty, health outcomes, educational attainment, and may result in increased social isolation for children in immigrant families.
4.
在世界法制史上,法律移植和法律融合是非常普遍的现象,也是各国法律建设中的一个重要内容。《美国宪法》输入中国,并对中国发生影响的过程,就是中国移植《美国宪法》及其制度,并以之为蓝本改造本土法,使两者并存融合的过程。探究这一问题,对于正确认识我国近代法制,以及在转型时期如何吸收外国法都有重要的意义,可以从中发现一些值得借鉴之处。 相似文献
5.
美国陪审团制度及其对我国的启示 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
美国的陪审团由一组普通公民组成,他们宣誓根据在他们面前提出的证据对案件的事实作出裁决。陪审团审理是美国法院制度的基石,研究它对改革和完善我国的陪审制度具有重要的借鉴意义。 相似文献
6.
《Justice Quarterly》2012,29(6):799-837
The US Sentencing Guidelines are among the most ambitious attempts in history to control sentencing discretion. However, a major sea change occurred in January of 2005, when the US Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Booker and Fanfan, that in order to be constitutional, the federal guidelines must be advisory rather than presumptive. The impact of the Booker/Fanfan decisions on interjurisdictional variation and sentencing disparity is an opportunity to examine the issue of whether the increased opportunity to sentence according to substantively rational criteria entails increased extralegal disparity. We draw on a conceptualization of courts as communities and a focal concerns model of sentencing decisions to frame expectations about federal sentencing in the wake of Booker/Fanfan. We test these expectations using USSC data on federal sentencing outcomes from four time periods: prior to the 2003 PROTECT Act, the period governed by the PROTECT Act, post-Booker/Fanfan, and post-Gall v US. In general, we find that extralegal disparity and between-district variation in the effects of extralegal factors on sentencing have not increased post-Booker and Gall. We conclude that allowing judges greater freedom to exercise substantive rationality does not necessarily result in increased extralegal disparity. 相似文献
7.
9.11事件后,美国政府吸取因国家监视和情报系统缺乏合作以及无能力、无效率等缺陷而造成重大损失的教训,以制定《爱国者法》的方式对之进行作了重大改革:打破执法机关与情报收集机关之间的信息壁垒,改变监视和情报收集体制的分立状态;建立起适用于互联网时代的监视和情报收集制度;扩大行政机关监视和情报收集的自由裁量权,以满足应对恐怖主义威胁的新需要。美国政府对监视和情报制度的改革增强了其在互联网时代预防和应对恐怖主义的能力,也将为当下中国反恐立法中相关内容的设计提供了重要的参考价值。 相似文献
8.
多边贸易协定一个重要目的就是消除贸易壁垒,实现贸易自由化。但是有时过度地追求贸易自由可能会给一国的公共道德造成威胁。因此,在多边贸易协定中往往内含了一些可以豁免缔约方缔约义务的例外条款。缔约方为了保护本国的公共道德,可以援引这些例外条款来对抗其他缔约方的指控。在WTO中,公共道德例外主要体现在GATT第20条﹙a﹚和GATS第14条﹙a﹚。另外,在《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》第27条第2款和《政府采购协定》第23条第2款中也规定了这种例外。 相似文献
9.
论我国量刑制度的改革——以美国联邦《量刑指南》为视角 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
我国有些地方法院进行了量刑规范化的一些尝试。为扭转我国"重定罪,轻量刑"的观念,减少"人情案"、"关系案"的作用空间,使量刑日益规范化、专业化,结合美国《量刑指南》从无到有、从强制性适用到只需参考、咨询的经验,我国应制定全国统一适用的量刑细则,并对量刑方法、量刑程序进行改革。 相似文献
10.
因住宅质量缺陷引起的纠纷在世界各国均是常见性的问题。因通过交易而获得住宅所有权的依据是不动产买卖合同,所以各国通常以合同法纠纷解决机制处理此类纠纷。美国合同法上的默示担保制度在解决此类纠纷方面显现出了较强的灵活性和旺盛的生命力。本文重点研讨了美国住宅缺陷默示担保责任的形成与发展、基本内容、责任主体、认定标准和救济方式,在与中国相关制度简要比较的基础上提出对我国的启示。 相似文献
11.
美国宪法成文形式的历史渊源 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文简要地阐述美国宪法成文形式产生的历史渊源 ,认为近代首部成文宪法的诞生是美国本土长期而渐进的立宪进程的产物 ,它的成文形式可以追溯到早期开启北美殖民进程的英国王室颁发的殖民特许状和殖民者之间签署的殖民地合约 ,同时也受殖民地时期立法实践和宗教传统等方面的影响。此外 ,美国各州在独立后采用成文宪法的实践 ,以及《邦联条例》的起草、通过等事件 ,都为美国成文宪法的最终形成提供了及时的宝贵经验 相似文献
12.
论人的联合与双向承认法权 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
人的联合既是基于承认的欲望,也是承认的实现形式,从而是自由本身;相互承认是公民联合的机制和形式,公民身份则是落实、体现人的联合及其相互承认的枢机,而一以法权体制笼统之,法权即自由。法权秩序的人性基础体现为"最初之人"与"最后之人"的预设,而昭示了不同文化、政治共同体的自我政治-道德理解,展现了它们对于人世生活与人间秩序的可欲图景的不同憧憬。 相似文献
13.
对美国有组织犯罪情况的考察 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
由于美国是一个由移民组成的国家,有组织跨国犯罪问题较为突出。近几年,美国通过制定相关的法律,建立专门的调查机构,注重情报的搜集与分析,注重监控银行钱款动向,从而较为有效地控制了这一犯罪的发展。 相似文献
14.
本文介绍了美国对场外衍生品市场的立法变迁内容,分析井评论了次贷危机前後美国场外衍生品制度内容和问题。 相似文献
15.
概述美国海事补充规则之规则B的适用条件,并对电子转账的保全、辅助国外仲裁/诉讼的保全、执行国外裁决或判决的保全及对保全的抗辩进行介绍,并分析规则B的最新发展。 相似文献
16.
美国对于欧洲制定竞争法虽然产生了重要影响,但是欧洲竞争法根植于欧洲本土的反垄断法律思想,体现着大陆法系法律发展的特有特征,是与美国反托拉斯法在本质上相互区别的另一种法律模式.然而随着欧洲经济一体化的加速,欧盟竞争法日益呈现出司法化的倾向,在对竞争评价以及限制竞争效果的评估方式上呈现出趋同于美国反托拉斯法的倾向,并且积极引入竞争法私人执行机制,所以,二者之间之间在法律渊源、实施机制和垄断衡量标方面既存在着差异又具有一定的联系. 相似文献
17.
Claire Abernathy Kevin M. Esterling Justin Freebourn Ryan Kennedy William Minozzi Michael A. Neblo Jonathan A. Solis 《Legislative Studies Quarterly》2019,44(4):617-646
Telephone town halls are an increasingly prevalent method for members of Congress (MCs) to communicate with constituents, even while garnering popular criticism for failing to facilitate engagement and accountability. Yet scholars have paid little attention to the events and their effects, and even less to how they might be improved. To remedy this problem, we report on a field experiment in which four MCs joined their constituents in telephone town halls. Overall, participation in an event improved constituents’ evaluations of the format in general, and of the MC in particular. Furthermore, we studied how these events might be improved by evaluating a reform—a single‐topic focus with predistributed briefing materials—designed to enhance deliberative interaction. This reform enhanced effects on opinions of the format without significantly altering effects on attitudes toward the MC. Our results suggest that telephone town halls hold promise for constituents, officeholders, and democratic practice. 相似文献
18.
美国宪法所体现的平衡原则 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
美国宪法是一部对世界格局影响深远的杰作。本文分析了美国宪法制订的背景,以及美国宪法运作成功的重要因素——其自身蕴含的平衡机制。在美国宪法制订过程中,宪法制定者们最重视的就是各种因素之间的平衡,其核心是参议院与众议院之间的平衡,立法权、行政权和司法权三者之间的平衡、州与联邦之间的平衡,其中这一切平衡都以人民主权为基础。 相似文献
19.
危机时刻是验证法治国家体制适应性的真正时机,由于美国宪法没有紧急状态条款,在南北内战、一战二战、反恐战争等紧急时期美国总统往往行使“超宪法权限”侵犯公民基本权利。为保证危机中的宪法依然有效,处理好国会立法与总统紧急权力之间的重大分歧,作为制衡者的法院需要对宪法进行更加审慎的解释,但其所表现出来的实用主义政治立场变换和共和紧急法制观的转型,揭示了非常态下美国宪法解释的核心问题:要自由的宪法还是安全的宪法?这也正是当下危机频发背景下每个奉行法治和保障人权的国家面临的共同难题。 相似文献
20.
美国纠纷解决体制机制具有几个突出特点:机构设置较健全;行政机关是解决纠纷的重要渠道;调解是解决纠纷的主要方式;程序规范工作人员廉洁自律。我们应当借鉴美国经验,完善纠纷解决体制机制,健全我国的行政调解,加强行政程序制度建设,完善公务员、事业单位人事争议解决的法律规定、体制和机制。 相似文献