The Rise of a More Punitive State: On the Attenuation of Norwegian Penal Exceptionalism in an Era of Welfare State Transformation

While sociologists of punishment have been interested in the notion of Nordic penal exceptionalism, rapid changes are taking place in the penal policies of one of the members of the Nordic zone. Norway’s penal state is growing increasingly punitive, and penal exceptionalism appears to be on the wane, evidenced by a growing incarceration rate, increasingly punitive sentiments in the population, moral panics over street crime, raised sentencing levels, the forcible detention and extradition of asylum seekers, punitive drug policies, and the creation of segregated correctional facilities for stigmatized foreign offenders. Penal transformation should be understood as the outcome of symbolic contestation between politicians eager to present themselves as “tough on crime,” increasing differentiation of the social structure that has led to the declining fortunes of rehabilitationism, and a nascent neoliberalization of the welfare state. As a consequence, Europe’s penal landscape may be growing more homogeneous.     

Penal Excess and Surplus Meaning: Public Torture Lynchings in Twentieth-Century America

The most notorious lynchings that occurred in the United States between 1890 and 1940 involved publicity, crowds, ritual, and abnormal cruelty. Several hundred of these "public torture lynchings" took place, most of them in the Deep South. The author develops an interpretation that takes seriously the specific forms and discourses that lynchers and their supporters used to describe and justify these events—characterizing them as criminal punishments, albeit summary, informal ones that were shaped by a white supremacist culture and a politics of racial domination. An interpretation of the penal context and meanings of these public torture lynchings helps us understand their specific forms and their claims to legitimacy. The penal character of these lynchings increased the probability that they would be tolerated by local (and even national) audiences and thus made them a strategic form of violence in struggles to maintain racial supremacy. The author argues that a consideration of these events should lead us to revise our standard narratives about the evolution of modern punishments.     

司法鉴定专家委员会在鉴定纠纷中的性质与功能

一、司法鉴定专家委员会的背景概览司法鉴定专家委员会衍生于鉴定纠纷解决的实践,尤其是“重复鉴定”过多过滥等无序问题的纠缠。它是借助于“集体专家”的力量来解决不同职能部门的鉴定机构或者鉴定人之间在专门性问题上争论不休的鉴定纠纷的机制之一。在我国现代司法鉴定领域,这一机制最早可追溯至1984年上海市成立的“上海市精神病司法医学鉴定小组”。     

有我之境与无我之境——新时期以来小说中的气象灾害书写

新时期以来小说中出现了大量对气象灾害及其带来的自然及文化影响的描写,这一题材的写作主要体现了两种不同的话语立场和阐释视角,一是将气象灾害置于人类中心的视野中作为人的对立面进行阐释,一方面歌颂人类改造自然的激情,另一方面控诉底层生活的苦难。另一种是在天人合一的视野中将气象灾害所体现的自然生态与人类生活状态结合在一起,对自然的灵性和人文内涵进行复魅。     

The writings of Sir Bernard Spilsbury: Part I

This is a two-part historical feature, highlighting the rare writings of Sir Bernard Spilsbury, the recognized leader of British forensic medicine in the first half of the 20th century. Parts I and II were compiled from the publications of the Medicolegal Society of Great Britain, where Sir Bernard Spilsbury served as President in 1933. Although his profile was presented previously in this Journal (vol. 2, no. 2, 179-182, 1981), it is felt that much of Sir Bernard Spilsbury's personality comes out in his writings and recordings of his speeches in the Medicolegal Society publications. Part I includes his lecture on "The Medico-Legal Significance of Bruises," presented before the Medicolegal Society in 1938; and a short case report read before the Medicolegal Society in 1924. The subject of the case report was sudden death from inhibition. Part II will contain two papers from the Medicolegal Society publications.     

The Unintended Consequences of Penal Reform: A Case Study of Penal Transportation in Eighteenth‐Century London

What were the consequences of penal transportation to the New World for eighteenth‐century British criminal justice? Transportation has been described by scholars as either a replacement of the death penalty responsible for its decline, or a penal innovation responsible for punishing a multitude of people more severely than they would have been punished before. Using data from the Old Bailey Sessions Papers and the Parliamentary Papers, this study examines sentencing and execution trends in eighteenth‐century London. It takes advantage of the natural experiment provided by the passage of the 1718 Transportation Act that made transportation available as a penal sentence, thus enabling one to assess the “effect” of transportation on penal trends. This study finds that the primary consequence of the adoption of transportation was to make the criminal justice net more dense by subjecting people to a more intense punishment. While it was also associated with a small decline in capital sentences for some types of offenders, the adoption of transportation was also associated with an increase in the rate at which condemned inmates were executed. The study closes with a discussion of the conditions that may lead to law's unintended consequences, including the mesh‐thinning consequences observed here.     

The trust in Spanish and Italian private international law: Part I

Civil Law jurisdictions' recognition of trusts depends on theindividual conflict of law rules of each jurisdiction. The HagueConvention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Trusts intendsto bring a degree of certainty into how a foreign trust is received.However, the matter is complicated, in particular, as to thestatus granted in each jurisdiction to the convention. Thisarticle, based on a paper presented at the convention on CatalanCivil Law, ‘Los patrimonios fiduciarios y el trust’,held in Tarragona on 20 and 21 October 2005, examines the positionof trusts under the conflict of law rules in Italy and in Spainand the impact made on the recognition of trusts by the HagueConvention. This article appears in two parts; in this firstpart the position in Italy is examined and the second part concludeswith the position in Spain.     

大数据时代下个人信息权的私法属性

个人信息权的法律属性是个人信息保护亟需回答的首要问题.当前我国不乏个人信息保护的相关规范,但仍缺少对个人信息权的明确规定.司法实践上,亦对个人信息的法律属性认识不一.纵观世界各国,有以欧陆“逐步发展个人信息权”与美国“隐私权保护”为代表的两种模式.在法理学说上,个人信息权主要有六大学说:宪法人权说、一般人格权说、隐私权说、财产权说、新型权利说、独立人格权说.其中,唯有独立人格权说恰当阐释了个人信息权的私法属性.个人信息权具有与大数据时代特征相适应的独特内涵,其范围、内容均无法为其他权利所替代,社会情况的深刻变化呼唤个人信息权的诞生.在法律属性上个人信息权是一项独立的人格权.     

定性·归因·重构（上）——浙江省戒毒模式研究报告

一、定性关于吸毒行为的社会定性,惯常提法有:社会病、社会消极现象、社会问题。其中,最常用的概念是'社会问题",它成为当今世界四大问题之一,即失业、犯罪、吸毒、环境。说吸毒行为是社会问题,是有理由的,因为人们的思维惯性,在提到"问题"时是把它做负面理解和表述的。换句话说,这种行为是社会的负面现象,消极行为,为人类社会所谴责的行为,它给社会带来难以想象的灾害性后果。我们的研究是在此基础上换一种思考角度,即从吸毒与犯罪之间关系开始讨论。换句话说,既然吸毒即是犯罪,为什么国际上通行的观念把吸毒行为与犯罪行为并列,二者的区别与联系是什么?我们想从二者之间的关系中展开对吸毒行为所独     

The Police and CMHCs: The Transition from Penal to Therapeutic Control

The deinstitutionalization of chronic mental patients and the establishment of Community Mental Health Centers creates a new role for the police—i.e. agents of therapeutic control. In this new role, police must move beyond their traditional behaviors as agents of penal control, and play an active part in initiating patients to psychiatric treatment. Social scientists and mental health professionals recognize the need for police training in this area. Yet, little research has been devoted to the penal-therapeutic transition per se. This paper examines the social structural factors necessary for such a transition, and it illustrates the methods by which CMHC professionals can manipulate their social control environments so as to fulfill these social structural "requirements". We also discuss some non-structural barriers to police acting as agents of therapeutic control and the prospects for overcoming them.     

Going for the throat: Carnivore in an Echelon World — Part I

Carnivore is a surveillance technology, a software program housed in a computer unit, which is installed by properly authorized FBI agents on a particular Internet Service Provider’s (ISP) network. The Carnivore software system is used together with a tap on the ISP’s network to “intercept, filter, seize and decipher digital communications on the Internet”. The system is described as a “specialized network analyzer” that works by “sniffing” a network and copying and storing a warranted subset of its traffic. In the FBI’s own words “Carnivore chews on all data on the network, but it only actually eats the information authorized by a court order”. This article, in two parts, will provide an overview of the FBI’s Carnivore electronic surveillance system. The Carnivore software’s evolution, its ‘prey’ and the system’s relationship with Internet Service Providers will be the focus of the study. (Although the FBI’s Carnivore surveillance system is now officially called DCS1000, as the surveillance system is more commonly referred to as “Carnivore”, that term will be used throughout). Also addressed in the article are misconceptions about Carnivore, publicly available sniffer programs, Carnivore’s functionality, methods to counter Carnivore as well as the software’s limitations. In addition, the pertinent American law allowing for wiretapping and electronic surveillance as well as programs and policies outside the United States regarding electronic surveillance are surveyed, and an overview of ECHELON, the global interception and relay system, is provided. The aim is to provide the paper’s readers with a better understanding of these surveillance systems: naturally, only through an in-depth knowledge can the benefits and dangers they present for the public (government), private (individual communications users) and technical industry (ISPs) be understood.     

德国矫正法规的基本实践--从德国角度对美国《模范刑法典》第三和第四部分的一些评论

本文以德国<矫正法典>为轴心,重点就法典内容涉及的权利均衡问题(矫正机构权利的限制和囚犯权利的保障)加以论证,同时,结合法典制定的基础、框架、特点及实践问题加以阐释,通过与美国<模范刑法典>相应部分的比较,进一步说明矫正制度现存的问题,并提出一些可行性的完善构想.     

Human Rights Trials in an Era of Democratic Stagnation: The Case of Turkey

Domestic human rights trials are often conceptualized within the context of transition toward democracy. Yet, a recent cascade of trials in Turkey defies this argument. Between 2008 and 2015, Turkish courts oversaw fifteen trials examining individual criminal accountability for human rights violations carried out by the Turkish military during the conflict with the PKK in the 1990s. The cascade of trials has emerged and remained ongoing while the Turkish regime has become steadily more authoritarian. This article explains the emergence of these trials by the redistribution of power among elite actors, which created a window of opportunity allowing for ongoing legal mobilization to result in prosecutions. Drawing on original data from interviews conducted in Turkey between 2014–2015, this study demonstrates the importance of power redistribution for human rights during periods of democratic stagnation, while emphasizing the ability of trials to contribute to the contestation of hegemonic narratives.     

信息時代與中國刑法的轉型--訪中國政法大學研究生院副院長於志剛教授

互聊綱開創的不僅是人類生活的新時代,還有法律變革的新契機。傳统法律规则需要進行自我調整和更新換代,才能適應信息睛代的要求。在2011年年初舉行的第三届中國青年法學家論壇上,中國政法大學研究生院副院長、博士生導师于志剛教授以第六届中國十大傑出青年法學家的身份作了题爲《信息時代和中國法律、中國法學的轉型》,     

Worldwide policy trends in agricultural extension: Part I

Agricultural extension is one of the oldest and most important prototypes for technology-transfer organizations. The purpose of this paper is to help policymakers to keep track of how extension is developing in countries throughout the world. Such attention is especially warranted as extension has come under attack both in its identification with the public sector and in how that tie is expressed. Five fundamental models for organizing extension are outlined: farmingsystems research and extension, farming-information dissemination, training and visit, communications for technology transfer, and the cooperative-extension system of the U.S. Part I of this two-part paper outlines the major policy issues raised by these models and Part II (to be published in a later issue) will provide an in-depth discussion of a central issue underlying these models: the appropriate role of public- versus private-sector extension.     

反思与重构：我国人权刑法保障内涵的新视界

人权概念是人权学说中最为困难、最为混乱的一个问题。法治国的刑法必然会引入刑法的人权保障机能。刑法的人权保障范围限于对被告人人权的保障和对一般人人权的刑法保障。