走向城乡环境正义——以法制变革为视角

城市环境趋向好转,农村环境不断恶化这种二元趋势的凸现,提出了我国的城乡环境不正义问题。城乡环境不正义问题的出现,不仅与我国城市中心主义环境法制有关,更与我国农民实质自由严重匮缺相联系。走向城乡环境正义,不仅要消解我国环境法制中的城市中心主义,更要实现城乡居民在政治、经济与社会权利上的平等,并对农民权利实现的保障机制作出制度安排。     

论农地产权制度改革与生态环境保护

我国现行农地产权制度存在着主体缺位、产权残缺、土地经营权不够稳定并且经营零散和公有资源得不到保护等缺陷,这些缺陷导致农户对农地掠夺性经营,也不利于对农业生态环境的统一安排和管理,要解决这些问题,必须改革农地集体所有制,通过股份制以村民小组为范围建立真正意义"集体经济组织"。     

论环境质量标准与环境污染侵权责任的认定

环境质量标准兼具技术属性和法律属性,既非规章也非规范性文件,其约束力来自于援引环境质量标准的法律规范,其核心功能在于为环境质量状况提供比对依据,并与援引环境质量标准的法律规范、行政规划共同发挥设定目标、考核激励、督政问责的作用。环境质量标准具有以分类管理为理念、以整体主义为价值观和方法论、以阶段性控制目标为依据、以政策选择为结果的特征。从规范的角度分析,环境质量标准不可用于认定环境污染侵权责任。但从事实的角度分析,环境质量标准对于认定环境污染侵权责任能够发挥有限的证明作用:可为证明环境影响的消极性提供科学支撑,有助于认定加害行为要件;可在有限的范围内缓解损害要件的举证难度;可用于证明加害行为与损害之间的关联性。     

The Impact of Unfunded Environmental Mandates When Environmental Quality and Timber are Produced Jointly

A number of different aspects of environmental quality are produced jointly with timber. Unfunded environmental mandates whose costs are borne strictly by the private landowner lead to reduced production of both timber and environmental quality relative to the quantity of both that would be produced in the absence of such policies. That is, acting without regard to environmental consequences, private landowners produce more environmental quality (as a byproduct of producing timber) than they do when unfunded policy mandates result in de facto partial takings for which they are not compensated.     

论农村环境污染防治的法律问题

当前,我国农村环境污染问题尤为突出,其现状已不容乐观。从法律角度分析,造成我国当前农村环境污染现状的原因既包括立法层面,也包括执法和司法层面。立法层面表现为,农村环境立法的不完善导致农村环境污染防治无法可依;执法层面表现为,农村环境执法的不力客观上放纵了环境污染行为,导致农村环境污染的进一步加剧;司法层面表现为,环境案件的久拖不决以及不公正的处理结果使农村环境污染防治失去强有力的司法保障。因此,加强农村环境污染防治必须完善我国农村环境立法,强化农村环境执法以及加强对农村环境的司法保障。     

环境质量目标主义:关于环境法直接规制目标的思考

生态文明要求环境法反映环境保护的本质,以实现人与自然和谐的目标。不法行为惩罚主义的环境法以行为人不犯为直接规制目标,无法控制由不同环境消费者实施的总行为;总行为控制制度以控制总行为作为法律的直接规制目标,可以控制总影响,便于实现既定的控制目标,但这种制度下的总行为控制边界不一定符合环境保护的实际需要。环境质量目标主义主张把环境质量目标确定为法律的直接规制目标,并根据环境质量目标的要求构建环境法。环境质量目标主义环境法是环保目标先定的法、政府负责的法、服从科学的法,既便于实现立法确定的环境保护目标,又能使法定的环境保护目标更符合人与自然和谐的要求。环境质量目标主义环境法的制度主要有环境质量标准制度、环境决策制度、环境规划制度和环境质量及环保业绩评估制度等。     

Work Roles,Domestic Roles,and Marital Quality: Perceptions of Fairness Among Dual-Earner Couples

Previous studies on the role of spouses' perceptions of fairness within marriage have typically dealt with the effects of those within the realm of the division of household labor. Using data from the 1993 National Survey of Families and Households, this study posits that the predominance of dual-earner couples necessitates the consideration of perceptions of fairness in both spouses' paid labor and domestic roles. Issues of fairness are shown to significantly affect husbands' and wives' evaluations of marital quality, yet these effects are limited to a noncomparative form (e.g., wives' evaluations of marital quality are not substantially affected by husbands' perceptions of unfairness). Implications of these findings for contemporary couples are discussed.     

城镇化背景下农村环境保护法律问题探究

农村城镇化,是我国新农村建设推进的必然趋势,它缩小了城乡差距,带动了我国农村的经济发展,同时也对我国农村环境保护提出了新的挑战。理性对待农村城镇化和农村环境治理,树立农村环保法治理念,考察农村环境法律保护之现状,深入分析农村环境法律保护的问题之所在,从而探究切合我国农村城镇化发展的法律制度安排,具有积极的现实意义,也即本文意旨之所在。     

Judicial and Litigant Perceptions in Dutch Court Cases: Perceptions of Outcome Importance Overlap,Perceptions of Procedural Justice Diverge

Social Justice Research - The current paper aims to provide insight into judges’ perceptions of how fairly they treat litigants and how important case outcomes are to litigants, and whether...     

论乡镇环境保护管理立法的不足及完善

现行乡镇环境保护管理立法还存在不同层次立法不协调、不同部门立法不衔接、若干必要内容欠缺、部分重要内容重复、与现行有效管理制度缺乏衔接等诸多缺陷。乡镇环境保护管理立法的完善应遵循合法性、实效性、协调性等原则;并通过加强研究,明确国家有关乡镇环境管理政策,采取合适的完善策略等路径来实现。     

我国农村大气环境保护的制度构建

我国农村大气污染主要来源于燃煤和焚烧秸秆、农药化肥的大量使用、集约化畜禽养殖、乡镇企业和耕地沙尘污染等方面,这其中既有深层次的社会经济和思想意识原因,也存在着法律上的障碍和管理上的缺失。因此,应当统筹城乡大气环境保护,完善农村产业制度、生态补偿制度、大气环境管理制度和环境教育制度,并以此为契机,推进我国《大气污染防治法》的历史转型。     

环境公平应成为农村环境保护法的基本理念

环境公平已成为我国城乡协调发展中一个严肃而不可回避的问题。本文从环境公平的定义出发,针对城乡环境不公的严峻现实,提出环境公平应成为农村环境保护法的基本理念。     

地方政府环境质量责任的法理与制度完善

2014年《环境保护法》规定的地方政府环境质量责任是对我国《宪法》加给政权机关的环境保护职责的立法表达。因为《宪法》早已确定了保护环境的国家使命、基本国策,遵循宪法规定,我国其他一些单行环境法也有关于政权机关环境质量责任的规定。2014年《环境保护法》和其他法律规定的政府环境质量责任是"积极责任"或"建设性责任",而非不利法律后果。地方政府环境质量责任的另一面就是保护环境的权力。宪法、法律在加给地方国家机关维护或提高环境质量责任的同时,也赋予它们保护环境的"建设性权力"。地方政府环境质量责任的责任主体实际上是地方各级国家政权机关。对于政府环境质量责任的履行来说,更急需做的不是设计出对政府"问责"的方案,而是加强推进地方政权机关履行保护环境"积极责任"的制度建设,包括建立经济社会发展与环境保护规划制度、环境质量目标主义指导下的总行为控制制度和以改善流域等空间环境单元环境质量为管理目标的区际环保合作制度。     

环境质量标准的侵权法适用研究

环境质量标准是界定环境是否受到某种污染的各类限值,离开一定的环境质量标准,环境是否受到污染在大多数情况下将难以判断。在存在环境质量标准且其自身的合法性和合理性未受质疑的前提下,应当承认环境质量标准在侵权法上界定是否存在污染的效力,从而承认被告的合规抗辩。如果环境中的特定污染物没有超过环境质量标准规定的限值,无论排污者排放的污染物是否超过了污染物排放标准,排污者都不应承担环境污染侵权责任。如果环境中的特定污染物超过了环境质量标准规定的限值,该污染物系排污者的排放所致,且能够认定污染物与损害结果之间存在因果关系,则排污者应当承担环境污染侵权责任。当不同地方的环境质量标准对同一污染物限值的规定不一致时,应当以更加严格的环境质量标准为进一步判断人身损害因果关系是否存在的"门槛":当污染物超过更加严格的环境质量标准限值时,则进入判断因果关系的程序,否则,排污者不承担环境污染侵权责任。环境质量标准是判断环境侵权因果关系是否具备相当性的合理界限,从而也是利益是否受侵权法保护的边界。     

Hispanic Perceptions of Community Policing

Abstract

The two core elements of community policing are community partnership and problem solving (Rosenbaum, 1994). A major challenge that continues for proponents of community policing is developing and evaluating programs in areas with diverse ethnic groups. While many agencies have successfully developed community policing programs, empirical evaluations of community policing are scarce in areas that include a variety of minority groups. This research explores the effectiveness of community policing by examining citizen satisfaction with local police. Analyses are conducted with data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics on Criminal Victimization and Perceptions of Community Safety in 12 United States cities. The results indicate that Whites and Hispanics have the most positive perceptions of police, while Blacks, Eskimos, Asians, and Pacific Islanders have negative perceptions of police.     

Environmental regime effectiveness and the North American Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement

Scholars and practitioners around the globe are grappling with how to improve the effectiveness of complex, transboundary, and multilevel environmental regimes. International environmental agreements (IEAs) have been around for decades yet achievements and outcomes have not met expectations. While international relations scholars have primarily focused on the effectiveness of agreements between states, public policy scholars have been interested in outcomes at a variety of scales including international, national, sub-national, and local across various environmental policy domains and at the instrument and program levels. This article presents findings from a case study of environmental regime effectiveness that uses a modified version of the Oslo-Postdam solution to assess the effectiveness of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, a long-standing, bilateral international environmental agreement between Canada and the USA. The findings indicate that there is a need to more broadly define international environmental agreements in complex transboundary systems to include both formal and informal regime features and multilevel governance efforts and to focus on specific policy goals and ecological outcomes associated with IEAs. This case also illustrates the potential to modify the Oslo-Postdam approach by combining expert assessment and data collection methods with traditional policy analysis and program evaluation methods in assessments of environmental regime effectiveness.     

Perceptions of the Police by LGBT Communities

The purpose of this study is to explore how lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities perceive the police. Historically, relationships between LGBT communities and the police have been strained due to a legacy of discriminatory actions, although some police agencies have more recently taken steps to build relationships with LGBT communities. A survey was administered to a sample of LGBT and heterosexual respondents (n = 787) to measure perceptions regarding police fairness, policing qualities, policing outcomes, and police interactions with LGBT communities. Across a number of measures and scales, the perceptions of LGBT participants were significantly more negative than those of other participants, including when the variables of race, income, location type (e.g., rural, small town, suburban, urban), prior service as a police officer, and quality of prior interactions with the police, are controlled in multivariate modeling. Implications for police training and policy are discussed, as well as theoretical contexts that frame the results.     

Perceptions of repressed memories: A reappraisal

College students read a trial summary of a sexual abuse case. The victim in the case either claimed that (a) her memory for the abuse had been repressed for 20 years and only recently recovered during therapy, or (b) she consciously remembered the abuse for 20 years but never discussed it until recently in therapy. Participants were significantly more likely to convict the defendant when the testimony was described as nonrepressed (67%) versus repressed (58%). This effect was not modified by the age of the victim at the time the alleged abuse occurred (either 3, 8, or 13 years of age), although the younger and older victims were significantly less believable than the 8-year-old victim. Compared to female participants, male participants were significantly less likely to convict the defendant and rated the victim as significantly less believable. These findings are discussed in the context of recent research on juror reactions to repressed memory testimony.     

Perceptions of ethical problems by forensic psychiatrists

A survey was undertaken of the opinions of two groups of forensic psychiatrists to determine their views regarding forensic ethical issues. Although AAPL has made significant strides for our profession by adopting ethical guidelines, some important issues have not yet been addressed, as revealed by our survey. Included were items heretofore considered too "controversial" for incorporation into guidelines, as well as items from the APA ethical framework. All APA items were evaluated as addressing ethical problems. The majority of respondents also viewed most of the "controversial" items as confronting relevant ethical problems, thereby suggesting their inclusion, in some form, in the profession's guidelines. They also appeared to favor retention of many traditional medical ethical values when functioning as a forensic psychiatrist. Clear selective discrimination existed among differing death penalty facets. Since AAPL at present does not wish to conduct its own ethics hearings, the AAPL guidelines as well as the items supported in this paper's survey would best be translated into a form consistent with the APA framework. In this way, AAPL's guidelines and also the new suggested items could readily be coordinated within the APA framework and could play a role in the APA local district branch enforcement process.