共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 484 毫秒
1.
辨认是侦查实践中常用的一种侦查措施。由于我国立法的粗疏,辨认在实践中还存在着较多问题,因辨认错误而引起的错案时有发生。本文从辨认与错案的关系入手,探讨辨认错误的成因,进而提出构建我国辨认规则的想法,以期能规范辨认行为,提高辨认的准确率,减少错案的发生。 相似文献
2.
辨认在我国刑事诉讼中占有重要的地位,往往成为定案的关键,因此错误辨认也是导致错案的重要原因.辨认的真实性受多方面因素的影响.首先,辨认人的记忆不可靠.辨认人对案件事实的感知不完整,且在感知案件事实后会遗忘或重构案件事实.辨认人在辨认过程中作出的判断是相对判断,很容易猜测出辨认结果.其次,辨认的场所封闭,组织人在追诉心理下容易丧失中立性,会对辨认人进行暗示.我国司法人员难以对辨认笔录进行实质审查,审查的过程实际上就是对辨认笔录的确认.我国已经初步确立了部分辨认规则,但现有的辨认规则已经失灵.为了有效避免辨认过程中的暗示和猜测,我国可以引入“双盲”辨认规则和顺序辨认规则,同时对辨认过程进行同步录音录像. 相似文献
3.
4.
5.
6.
完善辨认证据效力之构想——从佘祥林杀妻冤案说开 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
佘祥林杀妻错案的酿成,源于对尸体之辨认错误。辨认的目的是为取证和查明案情。我国刑事诉讼法虽未规定辨认为侦 查措施,但辨认与某些法定侦查措施如言辞证据并无根本差异。辨认结果的证据效力与辨认主体、辨认客体、辨认过程密切相关 辨 认结论作为证据的使用条件必须要严格按照辨认的规则进行的,方法没有错误;辨认结果是科学可靠的;辨认的结果得到其他侦查 材料的印证。在立法上提出关于辨认的相关建议。 相似文献
7.
8.
侦查辨认是常用的侦查措施之一,侦查辨认的可信度和有效度可以直接影响办案的结果,错误的侦查辨认结论可以导致错案的发生。本文通过重点探讨辨认人对案发生过程中客观刺激物各元素的原感知以及对辨认对象各元素的感知比较的误差,分析导致侦查辨认失真的心理学因素,最后提出防止侦查辨认失真的有效策略。 相似文献
9.
辨认人的感知、记忆、辨识以及辨认笔录的制作均可能存在错误,而辨认错误是导致刑事误判的一项重要原因.英美法国家建立了较为完善的辨认笔录证据能力规则,其中,美国以传闻法则、律师帮助权和正当法律程序对审判外辨认进行规制,英国则通过传闻法则与证据排除规则对先前辨认陈述予以规制.我国辨认笔录的证据能力规则极为不完善,辨认人及辨认笔录制作人员出庭作证制度亦极为疏漏.为此,有必要从准入规则与排除规则两个层面对辨认笔录的证据能力规则予以建构. 相似文献
10.
现代心理学研究结果表明,由于各种因素的影响,目击证人的证言有时并不准确.为了防止目击证人错误辨认可能带来的消极后果.英国<1984年警察与刑事证据法·守则D>在吸收心理学最新研究成果的基础上,不定期进行修改,从而最大程度地确保目击证人辨认结果的可靠性.2008年重新修订后的<守则D>从限制主持辨认的警官资格、减少辨认程序本身固有的暗示性、控制事后信息、保障犯罪嫌疑人权利行使等角度作了科学、细致的规定,对于预防和减少目击证人的错误辨认具有重要意义. 相似文献
11.
法医学鉴定标准的现状与问题 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
司法鉴定标准化是一个世界性的司法话题,伴随我国司法改革的实施和政府对标准化工作的重视,我国将迎来建立法医学鉴定标准体系的黄金时代。然而当前我国法医学鉴定标准却存在标准少、质量参差不齐、更新缓慢、标准制定的科学性不足等问题,导致司法鉴定工作与实践脱轨,很多鉴定项目缺乏鉴定标准。为此,作者建议,正确认识法医学鉴定标准的法律地位和存在的错误,致力于法医学鉴定标准化。 相似文献
12.
The past several decades have seen the emergence of a movement in the criminal justice system that has called for a greater consideration for the rights of victims. One manifestation of this movement has been the “right” of victims or victims' families to speak to the sentencing body through what are called victim impact statements about the value of the victim and the full harm that the offender has created. Although victim impact statements have been a relatively noncontroversial part of regular criminal trials, their presence in capital cases has had a more contentious history. The U.S. Supreme Court overturned previous decisions and explicitly permitted victim impact testimony in capital cases in Payne v. Tennessee (1991) . The dissenters in that case argued that such evidence only would arouse the emotions of jurors and bias them in favor of imposing death. A body of research in behavioral economics on the “identifiable victim effect” and the “identifiable wrongdoer effect” would have supported such a view. Using a randomized controlled experiment with a death‐eligible sample of potential jurors and the videotape of an actual penalty trial in which victim impact evidence (VIE) was used, we found that these concerns about VIE are perhaps well placed. Subjects who viewed VIE testimony in the penalty phase were more likely to feel negative emotions like anger, hostility, and vengeance; were more likely to feel sympathy and empathy toward the victim; and were more likely to have favorable perceptions of the victim and victim's family as well as unfavorable perceptions of the offender. We found that these positive feelings toward the victim and family were in turn related to a heightened risk of them imposing the death penalty. We found evidence that part of the effect of VIE on the decision to impose death was mediated by emotions of sympathy and empathy. We think our findings open the door for future work to put together better the causal story that links VIE to an increased inclination to impose death as well as explore possible remedies. 相似文献
13.
14.
15.
目的研究中国汉族成人正面照片,优选出面部特征指标建立分型特征标准,考察面部特征的个人识别能力。方法确定27项面部特征指标及分型标准,观察254张中国汉族成人正面照片,通过统计分析观察数据结果及计算个人识别能力评价指标和分型标准。结果 13项指标性别差异显著;联合所选择的27个面部特征指标,男性TDP(tolal discrimination power,累计个人识别能力)=0.999 999 909 08,女性TDP=0.999 999 919 82,总体TDP=0.999 999 868。结论正面照片面部特征指标越多、分型的多态性及量化程度越高,个人识别能力越高。 相似文献
16.
在认定行为人的刑事责任时,英美刑法传统上坚持"不得谴责被害人"的原则,但这一原则不符合被害人学的原理,而且,在英美刑法中,实际上在诸多方面例如被害人同意、自我防卫与挑衅行为中均承认了被害人的共同责任。承认被害人的共同责任,具有合理的规范性基础。根据权利的限定性原理,被害人共同责任可区分为自愿的权利减少型和非自愿的权利减少型,在此基础上考虑行为人与被害人在具体案件中相关权利的重要性程度、比较因果关系与比较罪责等因素,从而为被害人共同责任的适用提供了具体的判断标准。英美刑法的被害人共同责任原理对我国司法实践具有重要的借鉴价值。 相似文献
17.
The aim of this article is to analyse how self-presentation is performed in victim narratives and what possible variant features are present in the narratives. This is examined by means of narrative analyses of face-to-face interviews with crime victims (n = 6). The narratives were grouped into two categories: 1) narratives about the crime victim as an established citizen, and 2) narratives about the crime victim as an outsider. How the narrators presented their status in society was relevant for how they understood the offender, the crime, and Victim Support. Importantly, the interviewed victims did not construe themselves as ‘ideal victims’ as they all projected personal strength in their self-presentations. Furthermore, the victim narratives normalized (rather than idealized) the victim while construing the offender as in need of treatment. The article concludes by discussing future research needs and the role of victim self-presentations for psychological well-being and trust in the criminal justice system. 相似文献
18.
2011年国际货币基金组织前总裁斯特劳斯.卡恩性侵案经过长达3个月诉讼后被撤销,凸显了被害人作证及其陈述证据效力的特殊性。被害人和证人虽然都"身临其境",目睹了犯罪事实的发生过程,但被害人还"身受其害",这决定了被害人作证与证人作证既有共同点又存在许多重大差异,二者不能混同。被害人的当事性要求立法从作证适格性、传闻证据规则、意见证据规则、任意性规则、关联性规则及合法性规则六个方面对被害人陈述的证据能力进行合理限制;同时规定被害人陈述原则上不能作为定罪的唯一根据,其证明力需要补强。 相似文献
19.
DNA甲基化在组织/体液来源鉴定中的研究进展 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
对可疑生物样本的组织/体液进行来源鉴别是重建犯罪现场、推断犯罪性质等侦查活动中极为重要的一环。对表观遗传学理论的研究证明运用基因组中存在的组织特异性DNA甲基化差异位点(t DMRs)可以对组织/体液进行来源鉴别。本文旨在通过对近年来DNA甲基化在法医学领域用于鉴定人体组织/体液来源方面的研究成果进行阐述,试图用所得到的信息来分析DNA甲基化作为一种组织/体液鉴定遗传学标记的可能性、优劣点及其应用价值和发展前景,以期能为法医工作者的相关研究及实践提供参考。 相似文献