Report of the Law Reform Commission of Tanzania on Congestion in Prisons

Since its formal inauguration in the year 2006, the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) has arguably shown itself to be quite capable of effectively dispensing with its overarching aims of consistency, coherence and legal certainty in the process of adjudication. Indeed, through the adoption of a teleological approach to the construction of the Revised Treaty of Chaguramas, the CCJ has positioned itself as a major operational component in the new Caribbean legal order, serving, as the European Court of Justice as well as several domestic courts have done, to ensure transparency and accountability. The court’s relatively nuanced purpose-driven approach has arguably been the single biggest contributing factor to the region’s quickly evolving ‘indigenous jurisprudence’. Nevertheless, some of the court’s most recent original jurisdiction decisions reveal a growing trend towards judicial restraint. The varying degrees to which the CCJ has adopted a teleological approach to the interpretation of the Revised Treaty of Chaguramas, the concomitant effects of this important development as well as the challenges which invariably arise in this connection are the subject of this article.     

论刑法中不作为与作为的区分

刑法作为规范,本身就是一个包含价值评判的规范体系,作为刑法规范对象的行为,也只能在规范意义上来识别、把握。区分作为和不作为,只能以一定的法律义务为标准。当行为人的行为违反禁止规范时,即为作为,当违反命令规范时即为不作为。在判断是作为还是不作为存疑的场合,应综合行为的外部形态、因果关系等因素,站在规范的立场上进行综合的价值判断。