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公益诉讼制度的程序构想 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
在我国,危害公共利益的行为日益突出,为了有效保护国家利益和社会公共利益,我国有必要建立公益诉讼制度。建立公益诉讼制度的关键是如何构建其具体程序规则,即必须针对公益诉讼的特殊性,妥善解决公益诉讼的诉前程序、诉讼时效、法院管辖及审判组织、举证责任和调解等特殊程序问题。 相似文献
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Responding to the perception that civil damage awards are out of control, courts and legislatures have pursued tort reform efforts largely aimed at reigning in damage awards by juries. One proposed method for reigning in civil juries is to limit, or cap, the amount that can be awarded for punitive damages. Despite significant controversy over damage awards and the civil litigation system, there has been little research focusing on the process by which juries determine damages. In particular, there is a paucity of research on the possible effects of placing caps on punitive damages. The present research examines punitive damage caps and reveals an anchoring effect of the caps on both compensatory and punitive damages. A second experiment replicates this effect and examines the moderating effect of bifurcating the compensatory and punitive damage decisions. 相似文献
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This article looks at the effect that pretrial, statutorilyrequired screening panels in Nevada have had on medical malpracticelitigation. I use two unique data sets on litigation in Nevadaand neighboring states from 198388, during which theNevada legislature enacted screening panels. Applying time-seriesand difference-in-difference analyses, I show that observeddecreases in Nevada with respect to damage awards, attorney'sfees, and duration in litigation reflected a broader seculartrend. The panels did, however, reduce the relative probabilityof claims requiring resolution by the Nevada courts. 相似文献
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反垄断诉讼是反垄断法实施的重要机制之一,是反垄断法理论研究和司法实践中的重要问题。对此问题有两种研究思路:一是以个人权利为中心,将诉讼看作争议解决机制;二是以秩序建构为中心,将诉讼看作建构理想秩序的重要机制。反垄断法的产生、发展与有机社会的生成同步。垄断行为属于风险行为,其造成的损害具有不确定性、延伸性、难以恢复性,因而反垄断法属于现代社会规制法。与此相应,反垄断诉讼应是秩序建构诉讼,在价值上注重竞争秩序的建构,在功能上主张司法能动、积极回应社会在竞争上形成的价值共识,在构造上主张放宽原告条件,建立多元参与的诉讼机制。 相似文献
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专利非实施主体(NPE)从产生之初便备受争议。NPE诉讼作为NPE存在的行为逻辑,游离于专利投机与专利运营、权利滥用与正当维权、谋取私利与损害救济、抑制创新与价值实现之间。立足于NPE诉讼具有利弊互见的基本定位,对NPE诉讼的行政规制,须对专利聚合状态加以合理限制,对涉及标准必要专利的NPE经营者集中审查及NPE禁令救济的反垄断执法亦应保持行政介入的谦抑性;对NPE诉讼的司法规制,应结合具体案情,综合利用法院在专利侵权赔偿数额、损害赔偿与停止侵权的替代适用、诉讼费用的转移等方面所具有的司法裁量空间,在保障专利诉权正当行使的同时,亦应防止司法工具化趋向,防止NPE诉讼异化为谋取不当利益、进行禁令劫持的手段。 相似文献
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法院主导下的公司对派生诉讼成本的承担和对诉讼实质意义上的司法许可是两个紧密联接的股东派生诉讼核心制度安排:只有公司承担原告股东的派生诉讼成本,诉讼才有可能被股东提起;诉讼司法许可不仅使法院有机会事先甄别、剔除无益诉讼,而且公司承担股东诉讼成本也才具有正当性.这两个制度安排相互配合、相互照应,旨在鼓励有益诉讼、给予股东正当司法救济途径,和抑制无益诉讼、保护公司经营自由防止股东不当干涉之间取得大概的平衡.我国《公司法》第152条的修改方向应该是一方面给予法院阻止股东任意和无理由诉讼的司法许可权力;另一方面,如果派生诉讼案件经法院审查后允许进入诉讼程序,公司就应承担原告股东案件的诉讼费用,无论股东最后胜诉与否. 相似文献
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我国目前实际发生的行政公益诉讼案件几乎都是属于自益形式的公益诉讼,他益形式的公益诉讼在我国囿于起诉资格的限制尚难以展开。借鉴域外主观诉讼与客观诉讼区分理论,可以建构我国的行政公益诉讼,并丰富我国行政诉讼类型。未来我国行政公益诉讼的设置应遵循客观诉讼的法理和精神,建立一套符合客观诉讼法理的诉讼程序,诉权设计上可以采取多元的启动模式,诉讼类型应限制为非财产给付诉讼,起诉资格应以法律有特别规定为限。 相似文献
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建立我国行政诉讼中的确认无效诉讼制度 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
虽然我国已有确认行政行为无效的司法实践和关于确认无效判决的司法解释,但不能据此认为我国行政诉讼中已经建立了确认无效诉讼制度。要使确认无效判决真正具有其独立存在的价值,必须在诉讼程序上使确认无效诉讼与一般的行政诉讼相分离:1·确认无效诉讼不受起诉期限的限制;2·确认无效诉讼应以行政确认程序为前置条件;3·在确认无效诉讼中原告负有举证责任。在确认无效诉讼与撤销诉讼的关系上,宜把确认无效诉讼看成撤销诉讼的补充诉讼类型。 相似文献
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Stephen J. Spurr 《Law & policy》1997,19(3):285-316
This paper analyzes the duration of litigation. The analysis of court congestion by Posner (1972) and Priest (1989) suggests that the effects of delay reduction programs may be only transitory, because initial improvements may be swamped by an offsetting increase in demand for litigation. However, we find some evidence that time to settlement was reduced in a Michigan court by a program that provided for early intervention in each case by a judge who imposed a time schedule on major events of the litigation.
Using two new data sets on personal injury claims, we find that the time to settlement increases with the amount at stake but is sharply reduced when the case is referred to a specialist in personal injury litigation. Estimates of a duration model indicate that the likelihood of settlement is increased by the completion of discovery and especially by the settlement conference. We find that the hazard of settlement increases as the case gets closer to trial. This finding is in accord with the "deadline effect" derived from certain bargaining models. 相似文献
Using two new data sets on personal injury claims, we find that the time to settlement increases with the amount at stake but is sharply reduced when the case is referred to a specialist in personal injury litigation. Estimates of a duration model indicate that the likelihood of settlement is increased by the completion of discovery and especially by the settlement conference. We find that the hazard of settlement increases as the case gets closer to trial. This finding is in accord with the "deadline effect" derived from certain bargaining models. 相似文献
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我国《民法典(草案)》将"生物识别信息"列入"隐私权和个人信息保护"的范围。目前,在外国以保护隐私权思路保护个人生物识别信息的民事诉讼实践中所遇到的困难主要包括:"类主体"与"类事由"化问题;侵权行为的"程序性违法"问题;传统"案件—诉讼—损害"的民事法理逻辑对损害赔偿的限定等问题。充分完善"类诉讼"制度;解决新兴权利的法律赋权问题;确定"程序性违法"的"损害"认定标准以及完善举证责任制度,是保证个人生物识别信息民事权利诉讼救济充分实现的制度优化措施。 相似文献
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公益诉讼与和谐社会——以群体诉讼为考察对象 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
建立和谐社会是现代法治的必然要求,公益诉讼与和谐社会休戚相关。囿于公益诉讼的特性,公益诉讼必须通过群体诉讼达致社会的和谐。群体诉讼的扩散性纠纷解决功能、公共政策形成功能以及程序保障功能都契合和谐社会的要求。 相似文献
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Macroeconomic Development and Civil Litigation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper contributes to the explanation of the tremendous rise in civil litigation activity in Austria over the last four decades by analysing the influence of macroeconomic conditions on civil litigation. We find that the number of transactions per individual—proxied by the level of real per capita GDP—positively influences the amount of litigation per capita. Inertia in litigious behavior reinforces effects. In the short run, however, we observe a countercyclical pattern of litigious activity. Cointegration analysis confirms the short run negative association, and a long run cointegrating relationship between GDP and civil litigation. Several robustness tests corroborate our results. Rent-seeking interpretations, and possible detrimental effects on the long run growth prospects cannot be excluded. 相似文献
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不论英美法系国家和地区的民事诉讼规则,还是大陆法系国家和地区的民事诉讼法,都规定当事人以实名的方式进行诉讼。不过,崇尚实践理性的英美法系国家的法官,基于案件的实际情况有时许可当事人以匿名的方式进行诉讼。我国现行《民事诉讼法》有关起诉条件中应记明当事人姓名的规定已不能适应实践的需要。民事诉讼法应该规定当事人具有匿名诉讼的权利,法院应该按照一定的程序规则,在当事人匿名和公开其姓名之间权衡利弊以决定是否同意当事人的匿名诉讼申请。 相似文献
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农民集体成员派生诉讼,是指农民集体成员在农村集体经济组织、村民委员会的负责人非法侵害或容忍他人非法侵害农民集体财产时,符合法定条件的集体成员有权为农民集体利益,以自己的名义提起诉讼追究有关侵害人责任的诉讼制度。农民集体成员派生诉讼制度具有现实必要性、理论可行性和独特功能性。建构农民集体成员派生诉讼制度,除应明确制度建构的指导思想外,还应该对原告资格、原告的权利与责任、被告的范围、先诉请求、诉讼费用担保等予以关注。 相似文献
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行政诉讼中的诉讼类型如何设置,与行政诉讼受案范围如何确定之间并无直接关联,因此诉讼类型制度不具有拓展受案范围的功能。从完善诉权保护的角度来说,虽然可以考虑引入无效性确认之诉、继续确认之诉与预防性诉讼三种诉讼类型,但不可高估其意义。我国现行行政诉讼制度中系以非明文规定方式建立了类型制度。是否明文规定诉讼类型仅具有形式意义上的区别,不会对行政诉讼制度的具体构造形成实质影响。改良行政诉讼制度应着力推进实质意义上的诉讼要件制度的完善,不能寄希望于明文规定的类型制度的构建。 相似文献