A Participant Evaluation of the U.S. Navy Parent Support Program

This study reports on the results of a program evaluation of the U.S. Navy New Parent Support Program (NPSP). NPSP is comprised of two components: center-based parenting classes and home-based visits. Data are presented on: (a) satisfaction with program quality, (b) how well the program met its primary objectives (e.g., helps reduce parenting stress), (c) how well the NPSP met its Reasons for Being (RFBs; e.g., Helps service members concentrate on their job), and (d) program impact on mission-related outcomes (i.e., quality of life (QOL), readiness, and program impact on their decision to remain in the military). Results indicate that parents who take part in both the parenting classes and home-based visits report that the program exceeded their expectations, the program improved their perceptions of their parenting and coping skills, they perceived that the program demonstrated the Navy’s concern for Sailors and their families, and the program enhanced the family’s quality of life. Implications of study findings are discussed.

美国疫苗伤害补偿计划及其对我国的启示

上世纪80年代,美国为了应对疫苗供应危机,颁布了《国家儿童疫苗伤害法》,1988年开始实行疫苗伤害补偿计划,经过几年的努力,初步实现了国会的双重立法目标。我国应借鉴美国的经验,明确立法目标,由国家制定统一的补偿标准,不断扩大补偿范围,制定更具操作性的规定,进一步完善我国的疫苗伤害补偿制度。     

计算机程序专利保护在美国的发展趋势

一 进入90年代以来,美国对于计算机程序的专利保护有了重大的发展。 在计算机程序的专利保护问题刚提出的20世纪60年代后期,由于知识产权界很多人都认为计算机程序属于智力活动步骤因而被归入不可授予专利权的主题。 自从1981年美国联邦最高法院对Diehr专利申请案作出判决①之后,     

我国警察体能评价体系研究

警察体能是指警察在先天具有的遗传素质与后天经过训练形成的身体有形能力和无形能力共同构成一个多层次的相对独立而有机的内稳态自组织系统结构。它是由身体形态结构、身体机能、身体素质、智力、心理、适应能力、健康状况等部分组成的复杂而有机的内稳态自组织系统结构。应建立我国警察体能的评价指标体系，进而对体能各级指标体系进行分析，以期对警察体能评价体系有新的认识。     

美国合同的分类研究

美国法学界对合同的分类有与我国相同的,也有不同的。根据合同是否具有法律的约束力,法学家们将合同分成有效合同、无效合同、可撤销合同与没有强制力的合同四种;根据合同成立时承诺人采用的方法不同,合同可分为双边合同与单边合同;根据订立合同时所需要的方式或者格式划分,合同可以分为要式合同与非要式合同两种;根据合同当事人在创立合同时的意思表示方式不同,合同可分为明示合同与默示合同;根据合同形成的方式不同,可将合同分为准合同与真实合同。对待不同类型的合同法院有着与之相适应的处理方法。     

关于美国变性人歧视问题介绍

变性人在就业、教育、医疗保险等很多领域遭受歧视,本文分析变性人在这些领域遭受的歧视。对于如何解决歧视问题,需要各种政策和措施,尤其需要政府予以立法来保护变性人的权利。     

Technology transfer between the U.S.A. and Europe

The premise is that technology gaps have an important impact on the economic life of nations and also have political consequences. Expressions of concern about the technology gap between Europe and the United States have become steadily less frequent in the recent years. The purpose of this paper is to find out whether some of the lessons that can be drawn from the European technology gap of the '60s contribute to the understanding of the present United States-European technology exchange controversies. This is accomplished by (1) reviewing the European arguments, (2) trying to find out how revelant they have proven to be after a few years, (3) investigating better ways to assess the impact of technological differences with reference to current United States arguments about technology export, and (4) attempting to derive some conclusions on policy implications of transferring technology. It was concluded that important policy decisions have been made and are still being made by technology importing countries with little analytical background on the cost and advantages of achieving a technological capacity. In addition, policy decisions by technology exporting countries are most likely to be made with little knowledge of the real phenomena involved.     

美国形象权法研究

一　引　言形象权是指人们对自己的身份进行商业性使用的权利。① 其中的身份 ,包括人的姓名、肖像等等。其中的使用 ,包括自己的商业性使用和许可他人的商业性使用 ,如许可他人在商品上或广告上使用自己的姓名和肖像等等。未经许可而商业性地使用他人的身份 ,就是对他人形象权的侵犯 ,属于不正当竞争行为。与此相应 ,保护形象权的法律也是反不正当竞争法的一个组成部分。形象权起源于隐私权。在美国 ,隐私权的起源可以追溯到 1 890年由沃伦和布兰蒂斯所写的论文“关于隐私的权利”。② 他们在文章中论证说 ,法律应当承认隐私权 ,禁止擅自公…     

关于美国变性人歧视问题介绍

变性人在就业、教育、医疗保险等很多领域遭受歧视，本文分析变性人在这些领域遭受的歧视。对于如何解决歧视问题，需要各种政策和措施，尤其需要政府予以立法来保护变性人的权利。     

论美国犯人的法律权利

被监禁罪犯的权利状况,在一定程度上可以展示一个社会的刑罚进化程度。但被监禁犯人的权利和优惠待遇是有区别的。在美国,宪法、制定法、判例、法规和国际法构成了犯人权利的法律基础。美国犯人的法律权利是通过大量诉讼和犯人权利运动获得的。美国犯人享有宗教自由权、言论自由权、获得法律帮助权、医疗权、受保护权、矫正机构惩罚和纪律方面的权利、平等保护权等7大类权利和大量的具体权利。这些权利具有实然性、多样性和具体性的特点。     

The Impact of Presidential Campaigning for Congress on Presidential Support in the U.S. House of Representatives

Presidential influence is partly a function of the partisan, economic, and international context within which the president governs. Presidents are, however, more than bystanders relying on the political milieu for policy opportunities. Recent scholarship demonstrates that presidents consciously influence this milieu and build political capital by campaigning for congressional candidates. We contribute to this literature by assessing the effects of presidential campaigning on legislative support for two presidents who governed under extremely dissimilar circumstances: Bill Clinton in the 106th Congress and George W. Bush in the 108th Congress. We find evidence of campaign effects on congressional policymaking during both administrations.     

A new lexicon and framework for analyzing the internal structures of the U.S. Advanced Technology Program and its analogues around the world

Analogues of the U.S.’s Advanced Technology Program can be found in many countries around the world. These government programs provide financial assistance to firms and other entities to develop innovative technologies in the conviction that these developments will contribute to future economic strength. For political and economic reasons, these programs tend to be complex and intricate in their design. No informed evaluation and comparison of such programs can take place without a clear understanding of their internal structures. This paper analyzes the anatomy of such programs and constructs a vocabulary for understanding program design choices. It identifies and discusses a representative sample of important program design features—eligibility requirements, the nature of the research, technical scope, the selection process, and public-private financial arrangements—and provides examples of national programs embodying alternative design choices. This paper should interest policymakers, program administrators, program evaluators, and others involved in program design, management and evaluation. This paper is drawn from a draft reprot, “A Multi-Country, Binational Comparison of the ATP and its Analogues,” by the author, prepared for the National Institue of Standards and Technology. The draft reprot covers additional program features of a number of programs in different countries.     

Measuring U.S. innovative activity: business data at the U.S. Census Bureau

Innovation is seen as a source of strength and vitality in the U.S. economy. Better measures of innovative activity—including but not limited to innovation alone—could improve what we know about the sources of productivity and economic growth. The U.S. Census Bureau collects data on some measures of innovative activity that research shows affect economic performance. But understanding how the effects work requires more than just measures of innovative activity. It also requires solid statistical information about core measures of the economy so we can rule out the possibility that a measure of innovative activity merely proxies for something omitted from or measured poorly in the core data. Gaps in core measures can be filled by better integrating existing data and by more structured collections of new data. Versions of this paper were presented at the NSF/SRS Workshop, Advancing Measures of Innovation: Knowledge Flows, Business Metrics, and Measurement Strategies, Arlington VA, June 6–7, 2006, and circulated to the Advisory Committee on Measuring Innovation in the 21st Century Economy, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. This paper is unofficial and thus has not undergone the review accorded to official Census Bureau publications. Lucia Foster, Ron Jarmin, Jeffrey Mayer, Thomas Mesenbourg, and Daniel Weinberg, and the editors made valuable comments. However, the views expressed in the paper are those of the author and not necessarily those of the U.S. Census Bureau.     

美国知识产权保险透视

引 言20世纪90年代伊始,美国政府在政策上推行新经济思维,集中精力和资金投入高科技领域,大力支持产业界创立知名商业品牌,让知识成为美国未来发展的新动力。作为新经济政策的最大受益者,美国公司无一不把保护知识产权作为企业的生命线,谁拥有更多知识产权谁就更具有竞争力。勿庸置疑,知识产权已成为美国新经济的排头兵。然而,随着知识产权客体的不断扩大和授予量的不断增加,卷入知识产权侵权诉讼的可能性也愈来愈大。1 而对于美国公司来讲面临知识产权侵权诉讼威胁尤其令人头痛,原因在于解决知识产权争端的费用十分昂贵,特别是诉讼费,一般…     

论美国管制征收的认定标准

管制征收是在政府管制日益增多的情况下,为了保障私人使用不动产的权益而在美国产生的一种新型的征收理论。只有符合一定的标准才能认定政府对私人使用不动产的管制转化为征收,即出现了管制征收。美国管制征收的认定由价值减损标准、违宪条件标准、明确的投资回报期待以及政府行为的性质等四个主要标准来认定。     

美国集合实体规则的演进及评析

"反对强迫自证其罪特权"是美国宪法第五修正条款的重要内容之一,这一特权的权域是在与集合实体规则的竞争中逐步得以明确的。通过判例,美国联邦最高法院已将集合实体规则适用于个人独资公司,投资者设立独资公司的行为被认为隐含地放弃了"不被强迫自证其罪特权",这一新近发展值得关注。通过考察集合实体规则在美国的演进过程及其遭遇的困境,提出在我国确立不被强迫自证其罪原则的同时,应明确这一特权无差别地适用于一切自然人,但当公安司法人员已经预知证据的存在及其持有人时,持有人无权主张不被强迫自证其罪权,必须提供该证据。     

美国知识产权滥用

美国是以判例法为主的国家。知识产权权利滥用理论的出现和发展也是以司法判例尤其是关于专利权的判例为基础,专利权滥用最有名的判例是莫顿食盐案。①美国最高联邦法院明确支持滥用抗辩,此案也是第一个专利权滥用判决,而且确立为具有法律效力的抗辨。其次是镭射梳案,②此案涉及到版权滥用。依判例法逻辑推理,在商标权领域,滥用抗辨也具有法律效力。     

Radicalization of U.S. prisoners

Research Summary
Concern has been expressed that prisoner radicalization poses a high probability threat to the safety of the United States. Although the threat of terrorist acts planned in prison is known to be above zero because of a nearly executed terrorist plot hatched in a state prison, the central finding of this research is that the actual probability is modest. The reasons for a modest probability are fourfold: Order and stability in U.S. prisons were achieved during the buildup period, prison officials successfully implemented efforts to counter the importation of radicalism, correctional leadership infused antiradicalization into their agencies, and inmates' low levels of education decreased the appeals of terrorism.
Policy Implications
The prison environment permits a great deal of information to be collected on the activities and, more difficult to detect, planned activities of inmates after they are released. This environment requires the attentive observation of staff, collection of information from inmates, and efforts at different levels of a correctional agency to assemble, collate, and assess information; much of it is likely to be false and some will be vital.