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1.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
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2.
The longstanding connection between criminological theory, research and the design and delivery of criminal justice policy
has been challenged in the last 3 decades by a variety of constraints such as the rise of neoconservative attitudes, symbolic
public discourses about crime, and the proliferation of capture, monitor, and detect strategies brought about by technological
innovation. Building on Kevin Haggerty’s (2004. Displaced expertise: three constraints on the policy-relevance of criminological
thought. Theoretical Criminology, 8(2), 211–231.) exploration of the external factors that challenge the transition from criminological theory to criminal justice
policy and practice, this paper considers internal challenges that may also be relevant. By examining two recent critical
criminological orientating strategies, namely left realism and constitutive criminology, the paper concludes by suggesting
that an integrated perspective which draws strengths from each of these approaches could assist critical criminologists to
better influence policy in the future.
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3.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
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4.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
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5.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
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6.
The spectacular business scandals in recent years have led both the legislative and business companies to rethink and redesign
their strategies. This article analyzes the worldwide impact of reforms in economic crime legislation emanating from the USA.
Empirical data are reported showing that the US regulations are generating a spillover effect spreading beyond its sphere
of operation. It is particularly notable that international stock-exchange-listed companies are orienting themselves increasingly
toward the legal standards of the USA.
Translated from the German by Jonathan Harrow, Bielefeld.
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7.
Criminological research on self-control focuses mainly on self-control failure. Such research has not, however, investigated the consequences of exercising self-control for the individual doing so. The present study investigates this issue within the framework of both criminological self-control theory and research on self-control depletion from social psychology, which depicts self-control as akin to a “muscle” that is “depletable” by prior use [Muraven and Baumeister (2000) Psycholog Bull 126:247–259]. Results are presented from a laboratory experiment in which students have the opportunity to cheat. Both “trait self-control,” as measured by the Grasmick et al. [(1993) J Res Crime Delinq 30:5–29] self-control inventory, and “self-control depletion” independently predicted cheating. The implications of these findings are explored for criminological perspectives on self-control and offender decision-making. 相似文献
8.
In recent decades, patriarchy has increasingly been posited as an explanation for gender differences in crime and victimization.
While researchers frequently allude to the “patriarchal structure of society” or to “male domination” when discussing their
theoretical perspective or findings, rarely do they articulate their conceptualization of the term. As a result, patriarchy
has been used as an explanatory wild card that lacks specificity and is purported to both increase and decrease female crime
and delinquency. In this paper we examine the conceptualization of patriarchy in criminological theory and research, discuss
why the failure to clearly conceptualize this construct is problematic, and offer potential avenues for operationalizing patriarchy
with the goal of facilitating future research on gender differences in crime.
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10.
This essay provides an economist’s perspective on criminological research into incapacitation effects on crime. Our central
argument is that criminologists would do well to substantially scale back the enterprise of trying to estimate the various
behavioral parameters central to a micro-level approach to measuring incapacitation effects, including the annual rate of
offending outside of prison (λ) and the lengths of criminal careers. One problem with this line of research is practical:
for example, mean estimates of self-reported criminal activity by incarcerated prisoners are quite sensitive to reports by
the most criminally active offenders. But the larger concern is conceptual—the incapacitation effects from a given change
in sentencing policy may be undermined by the possibility of replacement effects, and at the same time omit other benefits
that may arise from deterrent effects on crime. A more promising approach is to identify plausibly exogenous changes in sentencing
policy in order to estimate the net impact on crime from the combined effects of incapacitation, deterrence and replacement.
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11.
This article explores the 1994 Rwandan Genocide and its educational ramifications in terms of linking critical criminology
to liberation sociology and giving greater exposure to Genocide as a criminological issue. The article provides practical
advice and theoretical insights on teaching Genocide Studies in the undergraduate classroom. I start by exploring critical
criminology and liberation sociology. I then introduce the reader to the 1994 Rwandan Genocide and resources used in my classroom.
I explore the implications for (critical) criminology of these materials. Finally I discuss issues that arose during the class.
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12.
This paper describes innovation-related data available from international economic surveys conducted by the U.S. Bureau of
Economic Analysis. These data are collected in conjunction with the international transactions accounts of the United States
and in surveys of the operations of multinational companies (MNCs). The paper focuses on five innovation-related series: receipts
and payments of royalties and license fees; exports and imports of research, development, and testing services; sales of services
by foreign affiliates classified in the research and development services industry; MNC R&D spending; and MNC R&D employment.
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13.
Many dependent variables of criminological interest have censored distributions. Investigations that use such variables increasingly
have turned to the Tobit model, a censored regression technique that is specified based on a latent dependent variable. When
used under suitable circumstances, this model provides appropriate estimates. This paper discusses key assumptions of the
Tobit model. It then highlights the risk of violating these assumptions and reviews alternative flexible parametric and semiparametric
modeling techniques, currently used sparingly in criminology, which researchers may find helpful when assumptions regarding
the error terms are untenable. By using an empirical example focused on sentencing outcomes and comparing estimates across
analytic methods, this study illustrates the potential utility of simultaneously estimating the Tobit model along with some
alternatives.
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14.
The World Commission on Dams was an independent international body created under initiatives of the World Bank and the World
Conservation Union in order to address environmental and social impacts of large dams. It published its final report in November
2000 after 2.5 years of extensive studies, public hearings, and discussions. The report included recommendations that were
expected by some to become internationally acceptable standards for the planning, assessment, design, construction, operation,
and monitoring of large dam projects. However, to date, none of these recommendations have been either officially accepted
by major international financial institutions, including the World Bank, or by a large number of national governments, including
China and India, which are the world’s top and third largest dam-building countries. Several factors have prevented their
broad acceptance: (1) the World Bank lost its stake in the development of policy as the original scope of the review expanded
from solely Bank-funded projects to cover all large dam projects in the world; (2), the World Bank was neither included in
the secretariat nor did it provide Commissioners, thereby providing the Bank with an excuse not to accept the recommendations;
(3) the Commission had the heavy tasks of carrying out both scientific study and developing policies, under serious time constraints,
resulting in premature recommendations that were difficult to apply in the real world; (4) the character of the final recommendations
was not clearly explained in the report, giving stakeholders unrealistic expectations.
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15.
In recent years, development agencies (DAs) have focused their activities on consulting projects rather than on financing
turnkey projects when assisting emerging markets. The main reason is that the implementation of consulting projects is likely
to be connected with an intensive knowledge transfer from developed to emerging markets. Training of local employees and cooperation
with local firms are necessary elements to make the transfer effective. The empirical statistics shows training and cooperation
to be more frequent in consulting projects financed by DAs as compared to commercial projects. According to theory and experience,
training should be included in projects in the least developed host countries, whereas local cooperation should be more frequent,
the higher is the development level of the host country. However, DAs do not follow these rules of thumb in a convincing way.
A policy implication of the paper is therefore that DAs should better organize and plan the contents of their consulting projects.
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16.
Illegality does not necessarily breed violence. The relationship between illicit markets and violence depends on institutions
of protection. When state-sponsored protection rackets form, illicit markets can be peaceful. Conversely, the breakdown of
state-sponsored protection rackets, which may result from well-meaning policy reforms intended to improve law enforcement,
can lead to violence. The cases of drug trafficking in contemporary Mexico and Burma show how a focus on the emergence and
breakdown of state-sponsored protection rackets helps explain variation in levels of violence both within and across illicit
markets.
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17.
Among various kinds of corruption in China, corruption of the First-in-Command (FIC) is most pernicious, threatening the legitimacy
of the Chinese Communist Party and the stability of the state. This paper examines several specific institutional arrangements
under China’s current political structure, including the people’s congress, the ruling party system, and the collective leadership
team system, to see how they have contributed to power overconcentration in the hands of FICs. This is done in a two-round
process: first through the collective leadership team and then by the gestating decision-making rule. The paper also assesses
four institutional innovations designed to prevent FIC corruption.
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18.
Current international financial system is characterized by the global dollar standard where the US dollar plays an essential
role in many aspects of international usages. This is particularly the case in Asia where the dollar remains as a major reserve,
vehicle and anchor currency. The paper deals with the challenges of dollar over-reliance in the world in general and in Asia
in particular, with emphasis on the fact that Asia being a creditor to the US has to cope with the problems and instability
that the dollar standard brings about. Asia needs to have further regional financial integration and to strengthen regional
financial cooperation supported by a strong institutional arrangement, a sound regional financial market and a collective
regional monetary regime.
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19.
Recent literature on policing in the People's Republic of China, though very limited, has encompassed a wide range of topics
including police organizations, roles and functions, subculture, policing strategies (such as community policing, campaign
style policing, and the comprehensive management approach), and a number of issues and problems (such as abuse of power, accountability,
and police citizen relations). These studies serve to establish a foundation for a better understanding of the complex social
control in China. The present study summarizes the findings of recent research, identifies its limitations, and discusses
the directions and challenges in future research.
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20.
We ask whether informal interactions between university and industry scientists result in collaborative research. Using data
from a national survey of tenured and tenure-track scientists and engineers in U.S. research extensive universities, we demonstrate
that university scientists’ informal interactions with private sector companies increase both the likelihood and intensity
of collaborative research with industry.
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