On non-invasive 2D and 3D Chromatic White Light image sensors for age determination of latent fingerprints

The feasibility of 2D-intensity and 3D-topography images from a non-invasive Chromatic White Light (CWL) sensor for the age determination of latent fingerprints is investigated. The proposed method might provide the means to solve the so far unresolved issue of determining a fingerprints age in forensics. Conducting numerous experiments for an indoor crime scene using selected surfaces, different influences on the aging of fingerprints are investigated and the resulting aging variability is determined in terms of inter-person, intra-person, inter-finger and intra-finger variation. Main influence factors are shown to be the sweat composition, temperature, humidity, wind, UV-radiation, surface type, contamination of the finger with water-containing substances, resolution and measured area size, whereas contact time, contact pressure and smearing of the print seem to be of minor importance. Such influences lead to a certain experimental variability in inter-person and intra-person variation, which is higher than the inter-finger and intra-finger variation. Comparing the aging behavior of 17 different features using 1490 time series with a total of 41,520 fingerprint images, the great potential of the CWL technique in combination with the binary pixel feature from prior work is shown. Performing three different experiments for the classification of fingerprints into the two time classes [0, 5h] and [5, 24h], a maximum classification performance of 79.29% (kappa=0.46) is achieved for a general case, which is further improved for special cases. The statistical significance of the two best-performing features (both binary pixel versions based on 2D-intensity images) is manually shown and a feature fusion is performed, highlighting the strong dependency of the features on each other. It is concluded that such method might be combined with additional capturing devices, such as microscopes or spectroscopes, to a very promising age estimation scheme.     

论数字行政法——比较法视角的探讨

数字行政法的演化和形成是行政法发展史上最重要的一次变迁。人工智能自动化行政决策与行政裁量合法性的冲突,信息化无形财产与现行行政规制制度的矛盾,典型地体现着数字化对当代行政法核心结构的挑战和数字行政法的转型特征。基于数字化的新产业革命和行政组织及其行政范式的变革为数字行政法的兴起提供基本背景。数字政府的规模、网络新时空和个人信息保护制度为数字行政法的形成提供了基本条件。     

行政追偿制度研究

行政追偿是基于国家赔偿而产生的一项法律制度。我国的行政追偿制度是在国家责任说这一理论的基础上确立的。行政追偿权是具有惩戒性质的公权力。分析行政追偿的成立要件、追偿标准、追偿程序等具体制度,探寻行政追偿救济途径,扩大行政诉讼受案范围,进一步完善我国的行政追偿制度。     

A study of technology-transfer mechanisms for federally funded R&D

The purpose of this study is to understand the relative effectiveness of various technology-transfer mechanisms used in transferring federally funded research and development projects. An analysis is carried out for 116 technology-transfer case studies based on survey data compiled through the US Department of Energy program offices. The results show that offering financial incentives and creating supportive advisory groups are highly successful ways to transfer technology.     

A Preliminary Investigation into the Accuracy of 3D Modeling and 3D Printing in Forensic Anthropology Evidence Reconstruction,

There is currently no published empirical evidence‐base demonstrating 3D printing to be an accurate and reliable tool in forensic anthropology, despite 3D printed replicas being exhibited as demonstrative evidence in court. In this study, human bones (n = 3) scanned using computed tomography were reconstructed as virtual 3D models (n = 6), and 3D printed using six commercially available printers, with osteometric data recorded at each stage. Virtual models and 3D prints were on average accurate to the source bones, with mean differences from ?0.4 to 1.2 mm (?0.4% to 12.0%). Interobserver differences ranged from ?5.1 to 0.7 mm (?5.3% to 0.7%). Reconstruction and modeling parameters influenced accuracy, and prints produced using selective laser sintering (SLS) were most consistently accurate. This preliminary investigation into virtual modeling and 3D printer capability provides a novel insight into the accuracy of 3D printing osteological samples and begins to establish an evidence‐base for validating 3D printed bones as demonstrative evidence.     

Juvenile Facial Growth and Mimicry: A Preliminary 3D Study

Studies focused on facial development during childhood have been conducted by means of 3D technology to provide modifications of anthropometric parameters. Facial mobility was also considered. This study proposed a 3D approach to facial growth changes. Facial surface data of 6 subjects were acquired in T1 (age 7–14 years) and after 7 years (T2), in rest position, and during voluntary movements, by a 3D laser scanner. Linear and angular measurements on rest position scans at T1 and T2 were compared. Each mimic scan was superimposed with the corresponding rest scan. Displacement of significant anthropometric points was measured for each facial gesture and at T1 and T2 statistically compared. Vertical measurements were those most influenced by aging. Some measurements of central facial area were consistent over time. The pattern of soft tissues displacement for each expression was consistent in T1 and T2. These results may be helpful for missing children identification.     

温州汉族人群D7S2846、D19S400和D18S535基因座的遗传多态性研究

目的研究D7S2846、D19S400和D18S535位点在温州汉族人群的遗传多态性。方法EDTA抗凝血样采自194名无血缘关系温州地区汉族个体,用chelex-100法提取DNA,PCR扩增,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,银染显色分析。结果D7S2846观察到6个等位基因及15种基因型;D19S400观察到10个等位基因及36种基因型;D18S535观察到8个等位基因及26种基因型。各基因座的杂合度(H)分别为:0.644、0.724、0.772;个人识别能力(Dp):0.854、0.940、0.938。结论三个STR基因座具有较高杂合度,等位基因分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡,在法医学应用和群体遗传学研究中有较高的价值。     

Italian population data for D1S1656, D3S1358, D8S1132, D10S2325, VWA, FES/FPS, and F13A01.

Allele frequencies for seven STRs loci were obtained from a sample of 215 unrelated healthy Italian individuals.     

道德信仰研究综述

道德信仰被理解为对道德目标的信服与崇拜，它是对道德生活的超越性把握。道德信仰赋予道德以精神本体，同时又是人的精神生命形式。善恶因果链的断裂、两种明的冲突、市场经济的负面效应，以及道德体系自身的缺失等导致了道德信仰危机。对道德信仰危机既要有忧患意识，又要持乐观态度。重塑道德信仰的基本途径是建立与市场经济相适应的道德体系和道德法制化。道德信仰研究的存疑颇多，如，道德信仰能否科学把握，其理性与非理性如何统一？对道德信仰危机的否定性评价的标准是否具有自明的真理性？道德法制化与道德的自由精神有无冲突？等等，这些问题都有待深入研究。     

On urban homicide: A statistical analysis

A statistical analysis is made of homicide rates in the 50 largest American cities for four different years. It is shown that differences in recent murder growth among the cities can largely be explained as typical random fluctuations about a common trend. It is also found that the changing age profile of the American people explains no more than ten percent of the increase in homicide since 1964. Several mathematical models for future homicide growth are proposed from the analysis, and under each the probability of death by murder and corresponding drop in life expectancy are estimated for individuals born now in each of the 50 cities.     

论涵括（一）：一种初步探索

经验法则是司法证明中的一项基础性法则,大陆法系司法证明理论对其进行了概括论述,其理论形态具有较高的概括性、抽象性。英美国家的司法证明学者在“涵括”概念下也具体探讨了经验法则相关的内容,与大陆法系学者对经验法则的概括论述有所区别,英美学者在阐述“涵括”理论时,更注重其在证据能力和证明力评断以及具体司法推论过程中的方法论和工具作用,为我们研究经验法则的内容、作用机制提供了一个新的观察视角。     

On Law and Morality. A Dialogue

Abstract. The dialogue focusses on the distinctions and connections between law and morality. Morality is seen as axiological in character, whereas law is deontological. The possibility of a conceptual tie between goodness (axiology) and duty (deontology) is firmly disputed. Habermas's discursive foundation of ethics is criticized because it seems to confer on moral principles the status of a priori synthetic truths. Every moral idea has a cultural relativity which is not taken into account by Habermasian dialogue ethics. The moral and the legal points of view are kept separate: A law which does not satisfy the requirements of a "minimum content" of natural law is not said to be "law," but simply falling short of moral criteria. The possibility of introducing rational guarantees into moral discourse is not denied, but doubt remains as to whether there are "right answers" to moral questions.     

论环境权是一种社会权

环境权的积极权利性质、受益权和程序权相结合的性质、集体权利性质、实现的义务规范性、环境利益的社会公共性决定了环境权是一种社会权。     

债权人代位权制度研究

债权人代位权制度为债的保全制度之一。各个国家和地区相关立法和学说均确认债权人代位权制度,并对代位权制度的性质和起源、代位权的成立要件、代位权的行使及其效力等方面进行规范和探索。《中华人民共和国合同法》规定了代位权制度,但我国司法实践适用这项制度仍需借鉴外国立法实践经验及相关理论,对该项制度在司法实践中遇到的问题作出相应对策及完善。     

On Russia's National Wealth : A Discussion

Here we offer our readers some of the presentations made by participants in the first annual Conference on the Assessment of the Value and Management of Russia's National Wealth, which the EastWest Institute held in Moscow. The institute is preparing all the conference materials for publication.     

A new retrieval system for a database of 3D facial images

A new retrieval system for a 3D facial image database was designed and its reliability was experimentally examined. This system has two steps, firstly to automatically adjust the orientation of all 3D facial images in a database to that of the 2D facial image of a target person, and then to identify the facial image of the target person from the adjusted 3D facial images in the database using a graph-matching method. From the experimental study [M. Yoshino, K. Imaizumi, T. Tanijiri, J.G. Clement, Automatic adjustment of facial orientation in 3D face image database, Jpn. J. Sci. Tech. Iden. 8 (2003) 41-47], it is concluded that the software developed for the first step will be applicable to the automatic adjustment of facial orientation in the 3D facial image database. In 28 out of 110 sets (25.5%), the 3D image of the target person was chosen as the best match (from a database of 132 3D facial images) according to the similarity of the facial image characteristics based on the graph matching. The 3D facial image of the target person was ranked in the top of 10 of the database in 75 out of 110 sets (68.2%). These results suggest that this system is inadequate for the identification level, but may be feasible for screening method in a small database. It will be necessary to further pursue the possibility of realization of a facial image retrieval system for a large database such as suspects' facial images in future.