The detection of nifedipine in biological materials

The objective of the present study was to find optimal conditions for the isolation of nifedipine from biological materials by ethylacetate. It was shown that nifedipine can be purified from co-extracted substances of the biological material on a Silasorb C-18 column with the size of the particles 30 microns. The authors propose to use thin-layer chromatography, IR spectrophotometry, and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography for the identification and quantitative determination of nifedipine extracted from cadaveric liver samples.     

Chemicotoxicological evaluation of doxylamine

The conditions of doxilamine isolation from biological fluids are studied. The method of its extraction with a mixture of organic solvents in pH 9 is proposed. Identification of doxilamine with techniques of thin layer chromatography, UV-, IR-spectroscopy, chromato-mass-spectrometry, densitometry, gas-liquid chromatography is described. UV-spectrometry, gas chromatography and densitometry can be used for quantitation of doxilamine.     

离子色谱法分析生物检材中的氯化琥珀胆碱

目的建立离子色谱法检验氯化琥珀胆碱分析方法。方法运用离子交换色谱使离子在分析柱中达到分离,采用电导检测器检测。结果实验的生物检材中准确检出琥珀胆碱及其它离子（Na^＋、NH4^＋、K^＋、Mg^2＋和Ca^2＋等离子）。结论该方法简便快捷,结果准确,可用于案件检验。     

Gas chromatography/tandem mass-spectrometry assay for trace amounts of 3'-hydroxystanozolol

3'-Hydroxystanosolol detection in biological fluids at pg levels by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry is described. Gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry results can be confirmed with gas chromatography/tandem mass-spectrometry.     

固相萃取-气相色谱法检测生物检材中斑蝥素

目的建立固相萃取-气相色谱法检测生物检材中斑蝥素的方法。方法采用HLB固相萃取柱提取,气相色谱-内标法检测。结果斑蝥素在0.1～200mg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999以上;精密度（RSD）小于5%。对于添加血样,方法检出限为0.05μg/mL,加标回收率范围为93.03%～98.29%。结论该方法操作简便、快速、灵敏,提取回收率高,提取物含杂质较少,可用于实际案件中全血和尿样中斑蝥素的检测。     

Use of thin-layer chromatography for detection of 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the urine

A simple method of thin-layer chromatography for detection of 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in biological material (urine) can be used in chemicotoxicological laboratories and chemical departments of forensic-medical expert examination without special facilities.     

The detection of beta-cypermethrin during forensic chemical expertise of biological materials

The optimal conditions for the isolation of beta-cypermethrin from biological materials by means of dioxane extraction have been developed. The possibility to purify beta-cypermethrin from endogenous impurities is demonstrated by combination of liquid-liquid extraction and chromatography through a silica gel column (L 40/100 mcm). It is shown that identification and quantitative determination of beta-cypermethrin extracted from the cadaveric liver tissues are possible using such techniques as thin-layer chromatography, electron spectrometry, and chromato-mass spectrometry. A method for forensic chemical expertise of the presence of beta-cypermethrin in biological materials is described.     

Thin layer chromatography for the analysis of certain anti-inflammatory medicines

This work was devoted to the elucidation of conditions for isolation of ketorolac and diclofenac from biological fluids. A method is proposed for the extraction of these compounds from solutions with organic solvents at different pH values. Other methods permit to optimize identification of analytes by thin layer chromatography while the densitometric technique may be used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of their composition in biological fluids.     

Chemical-toxicological analysis of butorphanol

The conditions of butorphanol isolation from biological fluids were studied. The method of its extraction with the mix of organic solvents by pH 12 was proposed. How to identify butorphanol with the methods of thin-layer chromatography, ultraviolet spectrometry, high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography with a detector of electron capture, chromato-mass spectrometry was developed. Possibility of use ultraviolet spectrometry for quantitative assessment of butorphanol was shown.     

4F‐MDMB‐BINACA: A New Synthetic Cannabinoid Widely Implicated in Forensic Casework

This is the first report regarding the characterization of the new synthetic cannabinoid 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA. 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA was first analytically confirmed in seized drug material using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐QTOF), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Subsequent to this characterization, 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA was detected in biological specimens collected as part of forensically relevant casework, including medicolegal death investigations and drug impaired driving investigations, from a variety of regions in the United States. Further analysis of biological specimens resulted in the identification of the metabolites 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA 3,3‐dimethylbutanoic acid and 4‐OH‐MDMB‐BINACA. 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA is appearing with increasing frequency as a contributory factor in deaths, creating morbidity and mortality risks for drug users. Laboratories must be aware of its presence and impact, incorporating 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA into workflows for detection and confirmation.     

Analytical aspects in doping control: challenges and perspectives

Since the first anti-doping tests in the 1960s, the analytical aspects of the testing remain challenging. The evolution of the analytical process in doping control is discussed in this paper with a particular emphasis on separation techniques, such as gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. These approaches are improving in parallel with the requirements of increasing sensitivity and selectivity for detecting prohibited substances in biological samples from athletes. Moreover, fast analyses are mandatory to deal with the growing number of doping control samples and the short response time required during particular sport events. Recent developments in mass spectrometry and the expansion of accurate mass determination has improved anti-doping strategies with the possibility of using elemental composition and isotope patterns for structural identification. These techniques must be able to distinguish equivocally between negative and suspicious samples with no false-negative or false-positive results. Therefore, high degree of reliability must be reached for the identification of major metabolites corresponding to suspected analytes. Along with current trends in pharmaceutical industry the analysis of proteins and peptides remains an important issue in doping control. Sophisticated analytical tools are still mandatory to improve their distinction from endogenous analogs. Finally, indirect approaches will be discussed in the context of anti-doping, in which recent advances are aimed to examine the biological response of a doping agent in a holistic way.     

Analytical method for the determination of strychnine in tissues by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: two case reports

This paper describes an analytical method for strychnine determination in biological samples by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and their application in the investigation of two cases involving strychnine ingestion: A fatal case and a clinical one. The strychnine is isolated from biological samples using a liquid-liquid extraction procedure. The clean-up procedure is performed using an acid solution. Papaverine is used as internal standard in the quantification of strychnine. In the analysed specimens, the limits of quantification were 0.1 microg/ml or 0.1 microg/g. The recovery rate ranged from 75.0% to 98.7% and the coefficients of variation ranged from 4.8% to 10.5%.     

Detection of dipiridamol in biological fluids

Acetone is proposed as an isolating agent for dipiridamol isolation from biological fluids. Purification of the isolates was performed with liquid-liquid extraction and colon chromatography with silasorb C-18 sorbent. The technique of dipiridamol detection in the blood and urine is described. The assays results are presented.     

A possible source of reference DNA from archived treated adhesive lifters

During the course of a double murder trial, it became apparent that the two adhesive lifters from the two cadavers had been mislabeled before being presented in court. The question was raised whether DNA testing from the biological material remaining attached to the lifters could resolve this mix-up. In fatal shooting cases where a bullet has been fired through a body surface, an adhesive lifter is applied directly to the entrance wound. The total nitrite residues, as well as biological material surrounding the wound (blood, hair, tissue) are transferred to the adhesive lifter. The nitrite residues are used for estimating firing distance. In a worst-case scenario, the biological material on the lifter may be the only remaining reference material from a victim. In this paper, we examined whether the biological material retrieved from adhesive lifters could be used for DNA typing after the lifters had been treated for GSR pattern. In as much as the biological material found on the lifters can be typed and profiled following physical and chemical treatment, we submit that archived adhesive lifters can be used as a future source of reference DNA from cadavers where no other sample is available.     

Fatal Intoxication with Toluene Due to Inhalation of Glue

Two cases of fatal intoxications with toluene due to glue sniffing are described. In case 1, the autopsy did not indicate cause of death, while in case 2, the cause of death was determined to possibly be due to mechanical asphyxia by drowning. As the decedents had a history of glue sniffing, toxicological analyses were performed. Using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with headspace method, toluene was detected in biological samples. Toluene ranged from 3.81 to 20.97 μg/g, with the highest concentrations observed in liver and brain (13.82–20.97 μg/g) in both cases. Based upon this data, the cause of death in both cases was determined to be toluene poisoning. Toxicological investigations are extremely important and should be considered mandatory in all deaths thought to be due to volatile substance abuse, as well as all deaths that are thought to be due to poisoning in young people.     

Methods for detecting diazoline in chemicotoxicological studies]

New specific methods of diazolin detection by microcrystalline and chromogenic reactions as well as by thin-layer sorbent chromatography were developed. These methods were used to detect diazolin, isolated from biological object by water acidified with oxalic acid. It was stated that diazolin is detectable in chlorophorm extraction obtained both from acidic and from alkaline aqueous solutions.     

Nitrous Oxide Determination in Postmortem Biological Samples: A Case of Serial Fatal Poisoning in a Public Hospital*

Abstract: In a public hospital, eight cases of fatal poisoning by nitrous oxide (N₂O) occurred under oxygen administration, due to an erroneous swapping of the lines in the gas system. The aim of the study was to clarify the factors involved in asphyxia by characterizing gases from different lines and measuring N₂O concentrations in postmortem biological samples from bodies exhumed. Analyses carried out on the gas system confirmed the erroneous substitution of O₂ line with N₂O and air line with O₂. Consequently, high N₂O amounts were revealed in several tissues and gaseous biological samples. All specimens were analyzed by headspace gas chromatography technique. A rigorous quantitative analysis was possible only in blood (11.29–2152.04 mg/L) and urine (95.11 mg/L) and in air samples from stomach and trachea (from 5.28 to 83.63 g/m³). This study demonstrates that N₂O can be detected in biological samples even 1 month after death.     

Inhalant abuse detection and evaluation in young Tunisians

Occupational exposure biological monitoring techniques were applied for the diagnosis of inhalation abuse and for the evaluation of the levels of exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and n-hexane, in 44 Tunisian adolescents and children suspected for volatile substance addiction. Urinary trans,trans-muconic acid, hippuric acid (HA), mandelic acid, and methylhippuric acids determinations were performed by high performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector, and urinary o-cresol (o-Cr) and 2,5-hexanedione (HD) were extracted simultaneously and measured using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. Given the high linearity ranges, HD and o-Cr occupational exposure monitoring techniques could be applied without modification. However, urinary sample dilution was necessary before HA analysis. Concentrations were compared with the maxima of normal values (MNVs) in the general population and to the biological exposure indices (BEIs) used in occupational toxicology. Values as high as 6610-fold the MNV and 68 times the BEI were registered. The subjects showed high exposure to toluene and hexane. Measured metabolites HA and/or o-Cr and HD enabled the easy detection and evaluation of exposure levels. The problem of inhalant abuse should be given more attention and treated through an effective prevention strategy.     

Detection of bancol for the purpose of forensic chemical expertise

Optimal conditions for the extraction of bancol from the biological material with toluene are described. The possibility of its purification and separation from co-extracted compounds on a silicagel L column, 40/100 mcm is illustrated. Identification and quantitative determination of bancol isolated from the cadaverous liver were performed by the electron spectrophotometry technique, thin-layer chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography using normal-phase sorbents. A method of bancol detection was adapted for the purpose of forensic medical expertise and applied for the postmortem examination of the cadaverous tissues.     

Forensic chemical detection of furadan

Isolation of furadan from biological material by ethyl acetate is considered. Column chromatography with silicone gel L 100/160micro was used to purify extractions from biological objects. A technique was elaborated for identification and quantitation of furadan in cadavers. It is possible to use this technique in forensic expert examination.