International Criminal Law

Netherlands International Law Review -     

论国际人权法对国际刑法的影响

冷战结束后,国际人权法获得了较为广阔的生长空间,国际刑法也进入复兴和快速发展的阶段。国际人权法对国际刑法各个领域的影响都十分明显,从基本原则到具体规则,从实体法到程序法,从刑罚制度设计到刑罚的执行,并努力在保护被害人与保障被告人权利两者之间保持微妙的平衡。然而,透过国际人权法推动国际刑法发展的帷幔,不难发现其背后＂人权＂和＂主权＂之间的紧张博弈：为保护人权,国际人权法引领着国际刑法试图突破国家领土的藩篱进而穿透国家主权的坚硬＂铠甲＂;国家则奋力祭起＂主权＂大旗并诉诸＂司法独立＂的坚固盾牌,抵御某些外部政治实体利用国际刑事司法机构干涉其内政、侵蚀其＂司法独立＂,以最大限度地维护国家利益。     

国际刑事管辖权冲突的“适当法”观照——来自国际私法学的借鉴

国际刑事管辖权冲突的适当法是受国际私法学中关于侵权行为的适当法理论的启迪而提出来的。它主张将犯罪问题加以分解而对所涉及的各种因素进行更为精确的分析 ,从而确定与犯罪有最密切联系的国家具有管辖权的“适当性” ,为此 ,本文提出了确定最密切联系地的“质量相结合标准”。国际刑事管辖权冲突的适当法为有关国家间国际刑事管辖权争议的公正合理的解决提供了一种新的模式 ,将有利于对国际犯罪的有效惩治和打击 ,也为不同学科之间在理论上的相互借鉴提供了一个良好的范例。     

国际刑法发展新的里程碑——《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》述评

20 0 0年 1 2月 1 5日联合国在意大利西西里岛巴勒莫市召开关于制定《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》① 外交大会 ,来自世界各国的代表正式通过并签署了这部公约。这部公约是继《国际刑事法院罗马公约》于 1 998年 7月 1 7日诞生之后由联合国主持通过的具有里程碑意义的国际刑法公约。它是国际社会长期以来努力同跨国有组织犯罪进行斗争的结果。 1 998年 1 2月 9日 ,联合国通过第 55/1 1 1号决议 ,决定设立联合国特设委员会 ,授权该委员会起草联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约及其三个附件。该委员会成立后于 1 999年 1月 1 9- 2 9日在奥地利…     

International Economic Criminal Law

This inquiry explores the question of transnational companies’ criminal liability for international crimes, reviewing the current state of research in the field of international economic criminal law, a discipline that hitherto has received only scant analysis. Following some preliminary conceptual remarks (I.), the forms of corporate participation in such crimes (II.) and the supranational and national practice since Nuremberg are presented. This practice reveals a clear trend towards corporate liability, albeit represented by leading company staff. For this reason, and because legal persons (companies) ultimately act through natural persons (their staff), their liability (IV.) cannot be convincingly established on a purely collective basis – in the sense of a pure organisation model (IV. 4.1.) – but only on the basis of the attribution model, namely as a derivative corporate liability based upon supervisory or organisational culpability (IV.4.2.). The attribution model’s individual approach – or, to use procedural terms, the individualistic “trigger” for the prosecution of companies – finally brings us to the well-known forms of criminal participation (V.), with liability for complicity in particular coming into question. All in all, the essay concludes (VI.), we should not expect too much of (international) criminal corporate liability. Here, as in many other areas, criminal law can only have a (limited) preventive effect as part of a holistic approach.     

俄罗斯刑法上的国际刑法规定

由于冷战后俄罗斯学界对国际刑法研究不重视,目前《刑法典》中仅存有关普遍管辖权和诉讼时效的规定。但刑法典总则对缺席判决下普遍管辖权的适用、指挥责任和排除违法性理由的判断标准规定模糊,而分则的犯罪体系过于粗略和封闭,没有规定反人类罪和非武装冲突中对战争手段和方法的使用等,需要根据"日内瓦公约"和"海牙议定书"予以重构。     

论国际刑法中的 “大国一致” 原则

在国内学术界,关于国际刑法基本原则的研究,一般以传统国内刑法的基本原则为基本框架展开,很少有学者论及＂大国一致＂原则。在国际政治及联合国机制的共同作用下,国际刑法中罪名的形成可以不受国内刑法中罪刑法定主义、罪刑等价主义、法律不溯及既往、一事不二理等原则的限制,某行为是否入罪、是否审判、管辖权如何分配的依据只是国际社会尤其大国对特定行为的态度表示。本文分析并论述了＂大国一致＂这一特有原则作为国际刑法基本原则的基本依据、演进脉络及具体作用。     

刑法国际化原因探析

刑法国际化作为刑法发展过程的必然趋势,其出现及强劲的走向有其深刻的内在机理与外在因素。本文从刑法阶级职能与社会管理职能分析了刑法国际化的法律基础;论证了刑法国际化的外在因素:经济因素,政治因素,社会因素等等。     

Redefining Apartheid in International Criminal Law

This article asks: to what extent is Article 7(1)(j) of the Rome Statute—the crime of apartheid—a tenable crime in international criminal law? It will be argued that despite the obligations incumbent on states not to intentionally discriminate against social groups, there is no customary legal norm of apartheid as a distinct crime against humanity. This is premised on the distinction between state obligations as different from norms demanding individual liability in international criminal law, as well as inadequacies of the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid (1973) and the absence of case law relying on apartheid as a crime against humanity. Further, the weaknesses hindering the formation of a customary norm of apartheid as a distinct crime against humanity will be assessed with regard to the Rome Statute. Also it will be shown that the lack of coherence of Article 7(1)(j) demonstrates that the crime of apartheid is subsumed by the crime of persecution. Finally, two suggestions are offered on how the crime of apartheid could be established as a distinct offence in international criminal law. The central thesis of this paper is that the crime of apartheid is ambiguous and inoperable. In order for Article 7(1)(j) to be relevant in international criminal law, the offence must be reworked and clearly articulated.     

论国际刑法的性质

国际刑法是有关制裁国际犯罪,维护国际社会共同利益的刑事法律规范的总称.作为一个新兴的法律部门,国际刑法在20世纪,特别是20世纪后半期得到了长足的发展.由于国际刑法涉及国际法和国内刑法两个法律部门,且两方面的内容不乏重迭和交叉之处,因此,法学界对于国际刑法的性质存在不同的认识.本文拟对有关国际刑法性质的各种观点进行比较研究,希望以此作为进一步研究国际刑法问题的基础.     

On the Sources of International Criminal Law

In their efforts to establish a quite original system of proceduraland material rules of international criminal law, by means ofthe so-called "judge-made law", the two ad hoc Tribunals forthe Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda hold a peculiar approach tothe sources of that law. The most controversial of all is theirconcept of "customary law". This paper is an attempt to clarifythe meaning and scope of these sources mainly from some aspectsof the respective rules adopted in the 1998 Rome Statute. Itis also a continuance in this author's research on the sourcesof public international law.