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1.
Although research into intimate partner abuse has expanded throughout the past several decades and increased our understanding
of this multi-faceted phenomenon, the vast majority of empirical work is still focused almost exclusively on physical violence—against
women in particular. Although a crucial issue in our society, physical violence against women is only one facet in an array
of possible abusive behaviors toward an intimate partner. Researchers have long acknowledged the existence of multiple forms
of non-physical abuse. These types of abuse have received little research attention, however, and are commonly lumped together
simply as “non-physical” or “emotional” abuse. There is no reason to believe, however, that all forms of non-physical abuse
are the same, whether in intensity, frequency, or co-existence with physical violence. The current study attempts to disentangle
the multiple types of nonviolent abuse to examine prevalence, differences by sex, and its relationships to physical abuse.
Using Tjaden and Thoennes’ ( 1998) survey data, this study examines the prevalence of different types of non-physical abuse, both in the general population
and among those experiencing physical violence Findings indicate that non-physical partner abuse is more common than physical
and that non-physical abuse does not show striking sex differences, as is commonly believed. There is strong evidence that
some types of non-physical abuse serve as clear risk factors for physical abuse and may increase risk of more frequent violence
among those already being abused. These relationships do not, however, differ by sex. Implications for future research are
discussed.
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2.
In three experiments, female participants were primed to think of themselves as female university students or unique individuals.
We predicted that group-primed participants would find reading about the sexual harassment of a female student threatening
to their self-concepts. However, if these participants could affirm an important value, the threat to their personal self-esteem
might be resolved. Group-primed participants who wrote about an important individual value reported higher personal self-esteem
in comparison with group-primed participants who did not. However, when group-primed participants wrote about a value important
to their group, they did not report higher personal self-esteem in comparison to group-primed participants who lacked this
opportunity. The results suggest that group-primed participants who affirmed an important individual value reported higher
personal self-esteem because it allowed them to re-categorize themselves as unique individuals who were different from the
female victim.
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3.
The English-speaking Caribbean state of Barbados enacted protection orders legislation in 1992. The goal was to protect household
members from domestic abuse inflicted by those with whom they live. To understand the impact of this policy, the study utilized
a survival analysis model to test the hypothesis that eligibility for protection orders on Barbados contributed to a significantly
lower hazard of repeat abuse for women, compared to women on St. Kitts where protection orders were not available. Data were
drawn from police reports that document incidents of domestic abuse reported on Barbados and St. Kitts where high rates of
domestic abuse persist. The study found only a negligible difference between the hazard of repeat abuse of women on St. Kitts
and women on Barbados.
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4.
The Migrant Clinicians Network’s Familias con Voz (Families with a Voice) project aims to train migrant men and women to become intimate partner violence (IPV) peer educators
in their communities. In preparation for implementing educational activities, a community survey was conducted with 298 participants
in three Texas border counties. Verbal abuse, such as name calling, was the most frequent type of violence reported. Men perceived
anger as a cause of partner violence significantly more than women. Only 22% of respondents reported knowing of a shelter
they could turn to for help. Surprisingly, a majority of participants cited “seeking help from the police” when asked about
ways to decrease partner violence. Survey results offer insight into developing effective intervention programs by capturing
the intended audiences’ beliefs and attitudes. Additionally, survey results reveal possible strategies for how to tackle IPV
in U.S.-Mexico border migrant farmworker communities.
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5.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
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6.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
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7.
This study examined a large sample of women recruited out of court at the time they received a civil protective order to better
understand relationship status after obtaining a protective order (PO) and factors associated with protective order violations.
Results are consistent with prior research suggesting that the protective order may be the impetus in separating from the
abusive partner for some women, while for other women it is part of the separation process. Results also indicated that five
out of ten women who did not continue a relationship experienced a violation while seven out of ten women who did continue
a relationship with the PO partner experienced a violation. The majority of women felt safer and reported they believed the
protective order was effective 13 months post-PO, regardless of relationship status. Furthermore, stalking played a significant
role in separation from an abusive relationship and in protective order violations regardless of relationship status. Implications
for practice and future research are discussed.
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8.
We conducted two studies to test the utility of a new strategy for recruiting couples experiencing intimate partner violence.
This new strategy, Targeted Neighborhood Sampling, involves utilizing police reports of family fight calls to target particular areas within a city for recruitment efforts.
Study I compared the efficacy of using this method to recruit a random versus a convenience sample. Results demonstrated that
Targeted Neighborhood Sampling was most effective when recruiting a convenience sample of participants who responded to flyers
left at their residences. Study II used a convenience sample and replicated the findings from Study I. Across the two studies,
40.4% of those who called after receiving a flyer experienced male-to-female partner violence within the past year. In addition,
we combined data across studies and correlated types of violence the couples experienced with variables commonly associated
with abuse. Psychological aggression, physical assault, and injury were all positively associated with reports of demand-withdrawal
and mutual avoidance during conflict, as well as depression and symptoms of post traumatic disorder syndrome. Sexual coercion
was associated with drug abuse. These results demonstrate the utility and validity of Targeted Neighborhood Sampling.
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9.
Research investigating women’s risk assessments for intimate partner violence (IPV) shows that women can predict future violence
with relative accuracy. Limited research has investigated factors that are associated with perceived risk and the potential
behavioral consequences of victim risk perception. Results from a survey of women in a domestic violence shelter ( N = 56) indicated that women perceive lower risk of future violence if the abusive relationship were to end and higher risk
of violence if it were to continue. Certain abuse experiences were related to elevated perceptions of personal risk for future
violence. Further, perceived personal risk predicted the women’s intention to terminate their relationship upon leaving shelter.
Results are discussed as they may inform interventions preventing IPV.
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10.
This article employs a developmental risk and resilience framework to examine the impact of exposure to intimate partner violence
on young children, particularly those facing economic hardship. In doing so, it reviews and weaves together two separate literatures,
one on emotional and behavioral development in high-risk settings and the other on children exposed to adult domestic violence.
The article ends by pointing to the need for further research and the promise that early interventions hold for helping children
who are exposed to intimate partner violence and living in poverty.
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11.
Violence against women has been recognized as an important social and human rights issue that affects all cultures and societies.
Although this issue has been more frequently studied in high-income countries, such as the United States, the scholarly research
of violence against women in Africa, especially West Africa, has been scarce. Using a representative sample, this study examined
violence against women in Togo, particularly the types of violence that Togolese women endure, and factors that affect a Togolese
woman’s chance of being victimized by her intimate partner. The findings indicated that Togolese women experienced different
forms of violence. Also, some covariates at the individual level significantly affected a woman’s risk of experiencing intimate
partner violence. Several policy recommendations have been made.
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12.
Building on a handful of studies demonstrating battered women’s accuracy in assessing their risk of being physically reabused,
this study examined how accurately victims assess their risk of future psychological abuse. Participants’ ratings of the likelihood
that their partner would engage in controlling/dominance behaviors or efforts to humiliate/degrade them in the coming year
and their reports 18 months later of whether this had actually occurred were used to create a four category version of accuracy
(true positive, false positive, true negative, false negative). Victims were more likely to be right than wrong in their assessments
of risk; PTSD symptoms, the recency of physical violence, and the degree of stalking and psychological abuse in the relationship
predicted membership in the four accuracy categories. These findings overlap considerably with those examining victim accuracy
in predicting physical abuse and inform ongoing debates about the value of incorporating victims’ insights into risk assessment
efforts.
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13.
Psychiatric disorders of 142 parents of adolescents who were documented as physically abused during adolescence and 168 parents
of non-abused comparison adolescents were assessed. Fathers and mothers of physically abused adolescents exhibited higher
rates of Axis I diagnoses and co-occurring disorders, and had more impaired GAS scores than comparison parents. Fathers of
abused adolescents had greater lifetime incidence of Conduct Disorder and Substance Abuse/Dependence than comparison fathers.
Mothers of abused adolescents had more unipolar depressive disorders than comparison mothers. This study highlights the importance
of mental health assessments and interventions for parents of physically abused adolescents. Since onsets of parental psychiatric
disorders antedated the abuse, early recognition and treatment of parental disorders may contribute to prevention of the onset
and/or reoccurrence of adolescent physical abuse.
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14.
No one, young or old, is immune to interpersonal violence (IPV). Female victims come from a variety of circumstances and across
all ages. However, much of the research and services have focused almost exclusively on younger women. This article compares
women 65 and older to women under 65, who utilized domestic violence (DV) services in a mid-western state over a five-year
period. Although there are many similarities in the findings, differences include that older victims were more likely to be
White, report more emotional and less physical abuse, be referred to services by a legal source, have special needs or disabilities,
and receive fewer services, less service hours and fewer contacts than younger victims utilizing DV services. Implications
for research and practice are discussed.
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15.
There has been relatively little research published to guide the field in identifying and addressing barriers to seeking help
for older women who experience domestic violence (DV). The current article focuses on findings related to external behaviors to help-seeking in the Domestic Violence Against Older Women (DVAOW) study. Data were collected in 21 focus groups with 134
women, 45 to 85 years of age. External barriers, described by DVAOW respondents as contributing to the reluctance of some older women to seek help for domestic abuse, include
response of family, response of clergy, response of the justice system, and responsiveness of community resources. These findings are discussed with implications for community outreach and future research.
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16.
While separate evidence exists that married military women have high rates of both intimate partner violence victimization
and aggression, little is known about the context of this violence, including the extent to which the violence committed toward
and by military women is physical, psychological or sexual, whether the violence is unilateral or bi-directional, and the
extent of injury sustained or inflicted. In order to gain a more multi-dimensional understanding of the violence in the lives
of military women, this study involved 248 enlisted females who completed a self-report survey about themselves and their
spouses’ behavior. Results indicate that the majority of violence reported was bi-directional and symmetrical in terms of
type and level of severity. However, enlisted females were more than three times as likely to be victims of unilateral severe
violence as their male civilian spouses. Demographic factors associated with these patterns of violence were also identified.
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17.
The prevalence and serious consequences of family violence have given rise to massive research efforts. However, there is
often a discrepancy between the official definitions and public perception of child abuse, elder abuse, and spouse abuse cases.
Under-reporting is common due to lack of awareness of the abusive behaviors by the public. Differences between perception
of abuse and reporting are well documented in the context of single group of victims. However, research studies on the differences
in perception and reporting of different forms of abusive behaviors that occur to victims of child abuse, spouse abuse, and
elder abuse are scarce. The present study attempts to examine whether perception and reporting of abuse will be different
with respect to who the victim is and how the victim is abused. Findings show that perception and reporting of abusive behavior
differ with respect to the victims of abuse and to the nature of abusive behaviors. Implications of these differences and
directions for practice are discussed.
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18.
This article offers a new perspective on the assessment, treatment and management of adults who are violent to their partners.
Using a worked case example, it describes how a solution-focused approach is used to develop, and evidence, safety for all
family members.
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19.
We examined mock jurors’ reactions to a sexual abuse case involving a male teacher and a 10-year-old child. Because gay men
are sometimes stereotyped as child molesters, we portrayed defendant sexual orientation as either gay or straight and the
victim as either a boy or girl. Jurors made more pro-prosecution decisions in cases involving a gay versus straight defendant,
particularly when the victim was a boy. In boy-victim cases, jurors’ emotional feelings of moral outrage toward the defendant
mediated these effects. On average, women jurors were more pro-prosecution than were men. Results have implications for understanding
social perceptions of cross- and same-gender child sexual abuse and juror decision making in child sexual assault cases perpetrated
by homosexual and heterosexual men.
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20.
A quasi-experimental study was conducted to investigate the impact of referral to supplemental mental health treatment for
batterer program participants who screened positive for mental health problems. The principal outcome measure was re-assault
reported during a periodic 12-month follow-up with female partners ( n = 308). Batterer program completion and other abuse indicators were also considered. Mandatory court referral to mental health
treatment produced no significant improvement in batterer program completion, re-assault and other abuse indicators. These
results may be influenced by the low compliance to the referral, since the select number of men who did comply with a mental
health evaluation ( n = 48 of 148) and those who received treatment ( n = 28 of 148) did better than those who did not. Simplified referral procedures or integrated treatment services might prove
to be a more effective approach.
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