公诉案件检察官客观义务初探

近年来,中国的法治实践受英美法系的影响很大,这在公诉案件中表现为排斥检察官客观义务,强调检察官当事人化.其实,公诉案件检察官客观义务在我国具有扎实的法律、思想与理论根据.通过对当前我国实践中检察官客观义务存在的不足进行分析,提出完善我国该项制度的合理化建议.     

论检察官的客观义务

近年来,我国刑事诉讼模式朝着弱化职权主义因素、增强对抗因素的目标前进。对抗因素的增强,有其积极意义,但也不可避免地带来了一些负面影响。追求胜诉、忽视实现正义的当事人倾向就是其弊端之一①。这样,在我国的司法实践中,就出现了检察院在一方面强调自己是国家的法律监督机     

论公诉检察官与维护司法公正

在公诉实践中 ,公诉检察官较为普遍地存在着两种与其职责和追求相背离的错误倾向 :一是单纯追求公诉成功率的当事人主义倾向 ,二是以“中立者”自居的消极公诉倾向。公诉检察官在履行公诉职能的同时 ,负有维护司法公正的使命 ,这是由公诉检察官的法定职责所决定的“客观义务”。     

检察权内部监督的调整与发展——以检察官办案责任制改革为背景

通过对检察权内部监督历史变迁的把握,可梳理出其发展演变实现了五个转向。从转向的过程来看,国家和社会是通过直接影响检察权的行使,来间接影响检察权内部监督的发展演变的。在检察官办案责任制改革背景下,如何在检察权内部监督的界限内,既保障检察权的独立行使,又能最大限度地监督检察权,便是检察权内部监督调整的现实需求。检察权内部监督的调整应遵循过程监督的谦抑性原则和结果监督的主动性原则。在其指引下,应对既有监督方式完善拓展和综合运用。     

公诉人庭审询问技巧研讨

庭审询问对于查明案件真实、保障被告人的诉讼权利、提升庭审的效率、维护程序正义具有非常重要的作用。为了充分发挥其功能,庭审询问必须遵循特定的规则,如诱导性规则、禁止重复发问规则等,还要讲究询问的技巧,技巧的运用具备相当重要的作用,因为无论什么样的规则,均需要通过相应的询问技巧才能得到展示。通过探讨庭审询问的基本理念、规则的基础上,基于对庭审询问实践的总结,提炼出符合庭审询问规律的询问技巧。     

检察公益诉讼的诉权迷思与理论重构

在检察公益诉讼中,关于检察机关的诉讼称谓、诉讼权利义务、受案范围限于"等内"还是扩张至"等外"一直存在对立的观点.实际上,相关讨论及其理论分歧与行政诉讼诉权理论紧密相关.虽然行政公益诉讼并非行政诉讼中一项核心机制,但朝着主观诉讼方向发展的诉权理论已经从诉权实体化、私法化和主观化角度束缚了检察公益诉权的合理建构.为了推动...     

Examining Prosecutorial Discretion in Federal Criminal Cases: Legal and Extra-Legal Determinants of Declination and Charge Change Decisions

Abstract

From 2000 to 2010, the federal criminal caseload increased roughly 50% with a large portion of this increase attributed to the rise in immigration prosecutions. These changes coupled with recent Supreme Court decisions rendering the guidelines advisory have renewed calls for research examining prosecutorial discretion, particularly with respect to the influence of legal and extralegal factors on charging and bargaining decisions. This study utilizes data (2002–2010) from the Federal Justice Statistics Program database housed within the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data (NACJD). More specifically, the current research examines prosecutorial decisions to decline to charge federal arrestees and to make any changes to the charge from the arresting offense. Results from the multilevel, multivariate models reveal that both extra-legal and legal factors were influential of these decisions. Disaggregated models also revealed considerable variation across different offense types. Finally, districts with higher caseloads had lower odds of a prosecutorial declination and charge change.     

浅谈对适用简易程序审理公诉案件的检察监督

简易程序是我国刑事诉讼中相对于普通刑事诉讼程序更为简洁、高效的刑事审判程序。但其在案件审理中存在若干问题。针对这些问题,应当强化检察机关对于适用简易程序审理公诉案件的监督,以解决目前简易程序中所存在的问题。     

民事抗诉中的认知偏见及检察约束机制

以理性人假设为出发点,以成本—收益分析为视角的法经济学和行为法学认为检察监督的约束机制应是强化对错误抗诉的责任、加强对错误决定制作者的处罚。其实,即使理性的、道义的检察人员也会受到认知偏见的影响。证实性偏见、信念维持、对认识不一致的排斥等认知偏见体现于民事抗诉决定的制作过程中就是抗诉决定前的错误判决之先在观念、不全面的证据调查、不完善的证据披露和不屈不挠的抗诉者。为此,应当从弱化认知偏见的角度建立民事检察监督的约束机制。     

检察和解的若干思考

本文从检察和解的概念与性质入手,探讨检察和解的必要性,从当事人意思自治、检察和解与民事契约的区别以及检察和解与既判力的关系入手进行了法理分析,并根据实务中的实践经验提出检察和解的适用范围、程序和应当遵循的原则。     

The Prosecutor and the Presumption of Innocence

In what ways is the conduct of prosecutors constrained by the presumption of innocence? To address this question, I first develop an account of the presumption in the trial context, according to which it is a vital element in a moral assurance procedure for the justified infliction of legal punishment. Jurors must presume the factual innocence of defendants at the outset of trials and then be convinced beyond a reasonable doubt by the government’s evidence before they convict defendants. Prosecutors’ responsibilities to promote the integrity of this moral assurance procedure are then divided into pre-trial, during-trial, and post-trial phases. Since most charge adjudication is effected through plea bargaining, the ways in which plea procedures must be modified to conform to this moral assurance procedure, and thus honor the presumption of innocence, are also discussed.     

Determinants of Public Opinion Toward Juvenile Waiver Decisions

This study examines the determinants of public opinion toward three types of juvenile crimes deemed suitable for trial in criminal court. The public overwhelmingly supports juvenile waivers, especially for juveniles charged with violent crimes. However, such an overall consensus in public opinion can be a result of an inadequate survey design. The public needs to be given more contextual information regarding juvenile offenses and possible consequences resulting from transferring juveniles to the adult system.     

Judicial Decisions Involving Questions of Public International Law

Netherlands International Law Review -     

The Car as Avatar in Australian Social Security Decisions

This paper draws upon automobile semiotics and legal semiotics to argue that the car in Australian social security decisions becomes an avatar for the applicant that is then decoded into meaning streams concerning deservingness and prudence. It is suggested that this has two implications. The first it highlights the techniques where by a technical object (the car) and the ‘life’ of the applicant became bridged in law; and through that bridging life becomes ‘formatted.’ The second highlights the extent of automobile culture. The car has meaning beyond the highways and parking lots. The paper shows how these meanings have become integrated into processes of biopolitical governance.     

诉审关系论辩——兼论对诉审关系异化的程序性抑制

考察诉审关系必须放在控辩审三方格局的整体背景之下,理想的诉审关系要求审判者与起诉者所主张的利益无涉;要求审判者与冲突双方保持同等的距离,不偏不倚;要求审判者高于冲突双方,在诉讼程序进程与实体争议解决中居主导地位。我国相关制度的改革也要在理想的诉审关系格局之内进行。     

Implementing Prior Judicial Decisions as Precedents: The Context of Application and Justification

The paper concerns the conditions and methods of using previous judicial decisions as a kind of precedents in the processes of application of law within the statutory legal order. The use of such decisions, not announced by the legislator, depends on the courts, undertaking such actions on the grounds of similarity of cases or of decisional processes. Such decisions do not become an exclusive validation argument and may create a situation of their potential conflict with legal regulations as well as an inferential supplementation of their content. Dissemination of such activity of the courts leads to the development of precedential practice (relevant to the statutory legal order), though, its actual jurisdictional role depends on proper justification of decisions, within which reference to these decisions should be adaptive (in relation to the elements of the current case), generalizing (forming elements of ratio decidendi) as well as argumentative and discursive (in respect of the way in which the decisional reasoning and arguments expressed in the prior justification are used).

     

检察制度人民性溯源

人民性是我国检察制度的根本属性,是社会主义检察制度与资本主义检察制度的根本区别。正确认识和全面贯彻检察制度人民性,把握其实质内涵和要求,并加以全面贯彻、落实,对于做好新时期检察工作具有十分重要的意义。