EU–China Competition Dialogue: A New Step in the Internationalisation of EU Competition Law?

EU has been the protagonist in promoting the internationalization of competition laws based on EU competition law norms. The development of China's Antimonopoly Law shows that EU has succeeded so far in establishing itself as the main reference point for China's competition regulation. The success can be mainly attributed to the EU‐China Competition Dialogue (Dialogue), a new initiative set up by EU and China in 2004. The paper reviews the internationalization of EU competition law and its characteristics. It then examines the Dialogue and how EU exported its competition law norms to one of the latest AML secondary legislations on Antimonopoly Pricing. It argues that the Dialogue's informal nature, EU's routinized technical assistance to Chinese competition authorities and its China‐oriented strategy in communication have been highly important in ensuring that the EU Competition Law becomes the main reference point for the AML. However, the paper argues that it is for the same reasons that EU faces weakness in controlling the reception of EU competition law norms by China. Based on this, the paper further illustrates that EU's understanding of competition law internationalization as reflected under the Dialogue has not undergone fundamental changes.     

试论GATT/WTO协定之私人执行——一个美国法的视角

私人执行GATT/WTO协定是指私人如何行使在GATT/WTO协定下的国家贸易权利。"1934年体制"下"进口竞争性产业"与"出口导向性产业"之间的博弈使得美国国会与总统在共同行使国家经济主权中,通过缔结GATT/WTO协定,为美国创设了市场准入权利与贸易救济权利。这些贸易权利要在国内法中被私人执行,则必须创新国内进口与出口贸易救济制度。     

入世与中国反垄断法的制定

入世后 ,中国政府越来越注重竞争政策和竞争法问题 ,以应对越来越激烈的国内市场竞争和国际市场竞争。中国现行反垄断法规范尚未形成一个系统和完整的反垄断体系 ,对滥用行政权力限制竞争的行为制裁不力 ,缺乏独立的和权威的反垄断执法机关。 2 0 0 2年 2月的反垄断法草案在滥用市场支配地位、企业合并、行政垄断和反垄断执法机关和程序的规定方面存在缺陷。虽然中国制定反垄断法存在压力 ,但是制定反垄断法有利于提高中国企业的竞争力 ,遏制跨国公司的垄断势力和改善国家的财政和宏观调控。     

The stages of cybercrime investigations: Bridging the gap between technology examination and law enforcement investigation

Cybercrime investigation can be argued as still in its infancy. The technical investigation practices and procedures of global law enforcement are also still evolving in response to the growing threat of the cybercriminal. This has led to considerable debate surrounding the adequacy of current technical investigation models, examination tools and the subsequent capability of law enforcement to tackle cybercrime. To bridge the gap between low-level technology recovery and digital forensic examination, and to overcome the many technical challenges now faced by law enforcement; this paper presents an extended cybercrime investigation model capable of guiding the investigative practices of the broader law enforcement community. The Stages of Cybercrime Investigations discussed throughout this paper, demonstrate the logical steps and primary considerations vital to investigating cyber related crime and criminality. The model is intended to provide both technical and non-technical investigative resources, covering mainstream law enforcement, partner agencies and specialist technical services, with a formal and common structure when investigating the complex technical nature of cybercrime. Finally, the model is further aimed at providing cybercrime investigators with a means to consolidate understanding, share knowledge and communicate the resulting outcomes as an investigation moves through each relevant stage.     

论中国《反垄断法》实施中的相关市场界定

Defining relevant markets is the foundation of establishing main antimonopoly regimes and the key issue in enforcing antimonopoly law, which often reflects the leniency or strictness of enforcement. In the process of defining relevant product market, the main factors to be considered include physical function and use purpose of product, product price, consumers’ preference and substitutable possibility of product supply. In defining relevant geographic market, the main consideration involves transportation cost and product characteristics, product price, consumers’ preference and barriers to market access. On the occasion of forthcoming enforcement of the Antimonopoly Law of China, the enforcement authorities should draw up a specific rule of the definition of relevant markets. Wang Xianlin got his Ph.D from Law School of Renmin University of China (2001) and is a Fulbright visiting scholar at Law School of George Washington University (2007–2008). Prof. Wang is a director of Economic Law Institute and a doctoral tutor in Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Law. He was once a member of the advisory committee of antimonopoly legislation of the Legal Affairs Office of the State Council of P.R.C. and is a standing director of the Economic Law Academy affiliated with China Law Society. His research focuses on competition law and intellectual property law. He has ten books published individually or cooperatively, including the monograph, such as the Intellectual Property and Antimonopoly Law—Studies on antimonopoly issues of abuse of intellectual property rights and WTO competition policy and Chinese antimonopoly legislation and abuse of intellectual property rights and its regulation. Moreover, he has released over 100 papers in academic journals. In recent years, his research is focused on China’s antimonopoly legislation and the abuse of IPRs of multinational companies in China.     

Perceived police legitimacy: investigating its association with college-based informal social controls

Research has found that when private citizens view law enforcement as legitimate authority figures, they are more likely to obey laws and voluntarily comply with police demands. Although procedural justice has shown to be an important predictor of perceived police legitimacy, a recent line of studies has found other significant correlates of this outcome, including media exposure, ethnic identity and strain. To date, however, few studies have explored the role collegiate-based informal social controls play in predicting law enforcement legitimacy evaluations. Using questionnaire data from a convenience sample of college students, linear regression equations were estimated to explore whether Hirschi's four social bond measures predict the obligation to obey and trust in police constructs of police legitimacy. Across both models and even after controlling for procedural justice, respondent beliefs were positively correlated with these measures. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.     

世贸组织框架下反补贴制度与竞争政策的协调

针对世贸组织反补贴制度与竞争政策的冲突问题，笔者认为，在目前竞争法尚未建立起有效的国际协调机制的情况下，协调世贸组织反补贴制度与竞争政策的冲突的最佳途径是，将竞争法的有关原则融入到反补贴制度中，消除其中反竞争或限制竞争的条款，使反补贴制度能更多的考虑到竞争的需要，加强它们积极的一面，使它们尽可能地相互一致和相互促进。     

THE CASE OF EXPORT CARTEL EXEMPTIONS: BETWEEN COMPETITION AND PROTECTIONISM

Most competition laws do not prohibit anticompetitive conductthat affects foreign target markets as long as there is no spillover effect on the home market. The U.S. in particular justifiesthis leniency towards export cartels by the aim of increasingefficiency in target markets that are suffering from high entrancebarriers for importers. Attempts to use the legal regime ofthe WTO to overcome private restrictions of competition arelikely to fail, because of the fundamental differences betweentrade policy and competition policy. Although a multilateralcompetition policy would be best suited to challenge exportcartels, the current state of the political debate makes itmore likely that second-best solutions such as capacity buildingin lesser developed target states will have to be established.     

The Case for a Multilateral Agreement on Competition Policy: A Developing Country Perspective

Although the issue of trade and competition policy has beendropped from the Work Programmes of the Doha Round of WorldTrade Organization (WTO) negotiations, it continues to be discussedin other fora and may return to the WTO after the completionof the Round. This article assesses the case for an agreementfrom the perspective of developing countries. It begins by reviewingthe ‘development dimension’ of the WTO debate andthen examines three specific antitrust issues that were of considerablerelevance to developing countries but were not pursued: exportcartels, anti-dumping and intellectual property rights (IPRs).There follows a critical assessment of the empirical and theoreticalarguments for the kind of agreement that was being advocatedto deal with international cartels. Alternative proposals, involvingdeveloping countries ‘outsourcing’ antitrust enforcementto developed countries, are also sceptically examined, as isthe relevance for developing countries of the kind of competitionpolicy that is currently in place in developed countries. Finally,a general approach to international trade agreements suggeststhat developing countries had nothing to gain from the proposalthat was on the table, and the article concludes by proposinga range of more suitable alternatives.     

我国《反垄断法》修订的几点思考

我国反垄断执法十一年来取得了巨大成就,执法经验和能力较执法初期有了很大提高。随着反垄断执法的常态化和深入发展,今天反垄断法部分条款已经不能完全适应现在和未来的需要。另一方面,随着竞争政策在我国资源配置中越来越起着决定性作用,与反垄断立法时候的政策环境相比,竞争政策在今天已经成为我国基本经济政策,产业政策与之相比退到了次要地位。这些情况说明,我国现在有必要修订反垄断法。修订反垄断法应当强化竞争政策在这部法律中的地位,修订中应优先考虑执法中迫切需要解决的问题。另一方面,法律修订虽然应当与时俱进,但要避免把国际上尚未普遍接受的条款急于纳入反垄断法,有些条款的修订还应当考虑我国经济体制改革进程和执法机关的现状。     

Giving Legal Effect to the Results of WTO Trade Negotiations: An Analysis of the Methods of Changing WTO Law

Trade negotiations conducted in the World Trade Organization(WTO) offer the significant benefit that their results can bemade legally binding and enforceable through an effective disputesettlement system. If negotiators wish to avail of this benefit,they must follow the correct procedures to give legal effectto their work. This article critically evaluates the main methodsof converting the results of WTO trade negotiations, with aparticular focus on the ongoing Doha Round, into WTO law. Itdemonstrates that amendments to the WTO agreements are procedurallycumbersome and have significant limitations. The article thereforeanalyses several alternative methods including modificationsto schedules, decisions of the Ministerial Conference (suchas waivers, authoritative interpretations, and Other Decisions),and the incorporation of new agreements into WTO law (whethermultilateral, plurilateral, or reference rules accepted throughschedules). The choice between these various methods is complicatedas each has advantages and disadvantages. By comparing and evaluatingthe available options, this article aims to assist negotiatorsand lawyers in making that difficult choice.     

网络经济的竞争法规制探析

网络经济的有序发展需要竞争法的规制。网络经济效应必然带来网络经济行为的垄断性,形成有效的垄断市场结构,使消费者预期管理模式成为主要竞争模式,容易带来竞争策略的不正当性以及竞争地理范围的超国家性。这就对现有竞争法律规范提出了重大挑战,因此,要把合理、自由、全球性作为基本原则,通过修订相关法律概念术语、立足现有法律类型化网络不正当竞争行为、制定网络经济自治组织法与促进法、明确规定网络经济垄断标准等途径完善立法,依靠政府积极参与来促进网络经济竞争政策的完善,以期对网络经济的竞争行为进行有力规制。     

WTO与中国社会主义市场法律制度建设问题

世界贸易组织规则及各种协议、协定是国际经济贸易法的重要组成部分。中国现行的经济法律 ,如市场主体法律制度、物权法律制度、合同法律制度、社会保障制度等 ,与世界贸易组织的规则是相通的。但是 ,对与国际经贸规则接轨、国民待遇、公平竞争、法律透明度及法制统一等理念还要进一步深化到经济立法中去。同时 ,要加紧制定民法典 ,加强电子商务等促进知识经济发展的立法 ,进一步完善商事法律体系 ,改进行政执法和司法。     

经济法体系的重构——WTO规则下的思考

WTO的基本宗旨是发展国际贸易,WTO规则的基本原则体现着市场经济的基本要求,我国经济法与WTO规则存在着一个相互转化的关系,在此意义上重构的我国经济法体系应当是以竞争法为核心的狭义的经济法体系。     

区域贸易协定下贸易救济制度研究

区域贸易协定在贸易救济制度的设计上多数重申或复制WTO的权利和义务,但部分影响较大的区域贸易协定相互取消了贸易救济措施从而具有＂超WTO＂因素。尽管区域贸易协定与WTO整体上的＂一致性＂问题无法也从未形成一个确定的结论,但是区域贸易协定的贸易救济制度的具体规则在保有一定自主性、灵活性的基础上仍应满足GATT第24条及相关国际法的要求。这既赋予了区域贸易协定下贸易救济制度以正当性,又加强了多边贸易体制对区域贸易体制的监督与影响,从而调和了两者间的冲突与扭曲。     

WTO体制下中国税法发展的趋势

本文首先就加入WTO对中国税法的影响进行总体评价 ,认为从积极义务的遵守来看 ,除了关税法以外 ,WTO对中国税法并不会带来巨大的直接冲击。但作为全球最大的自由开放的多边贸易体制 ,WTO代表着国际经济一体化以及法治化趋势 ,因此中国税法不得不适应这种趋势积极主动地进行自我调整和改革。加入WTO以后 ,中国税法在市场经济发展过程中形成的国际化、法治化以及私法化趋势必将继续得到强化 ,从而使得中国税法在内因外力的综合作用下不断完善和发展。     

Social network analysis as a tool for criminal intelligence: understanding its potential from the perspectives of intelligence analysts

Over the past two decades an increasing number of researchers have applied social network analysis (SNA) to various ‘dark’ networks. This research suggests that SNA is capable of revealing significant insights into the dynamics of dark networks, particularly the identification of critical nodes, which can then be targeted by law enforcement and security agencies for disruption. However, there has so far been very little research into whether and how law enforcement agencies can actually leverage SNA in an operational environment and in particular the challenges agencies face when attempting to apply various network analysis techniques to criminal networks. This paper goes some way towards addressing these issues by drawing on qualitative interviews with criminal intelligence analysts from two Australian state law enforcement agencies. The primary contribution of this paper is to call attention to the organisational characteristics of law enforcement agencies which, we argue, can influence the capacity of criminal intelligence analysts to successfully apply SNA as much as the often citied ‘characteristics of criminal networks’.     

国际公法在WTO争端解决中的作用与应用

WTO法是在国际公法的大背景中创制的,WTO协定不是存在于一个不受一般国际法影响的制度中。WTO法从来就不是一个封闭的、自给自足的法律制度,WTO规则是更广泛的国际公法内容的一部分,它在国际公法的框架内运作,并不是脱离国际公法的法律子系统。至少在解释的层面,它们总是会有某种程度的互动。国际公法可为WTO规则提供规范背景,有助于WTO无具体规定的某些方面的运作或提供解释性指导。在解释WTO协定的必要范围内,专家组和上诉机构有权使用或考虑其他条约、习惯和一般法律原则。但是,它们并非作为法律适用。在WTO争端解决中,其他国际法规则的作用是有限的、辅助的。     

Distributed Generation of Electricity: The Role of Academic Research and Advice in California’s “Clean DG” Policy Network

Deregulation and the combined threats of energy crises and global warming concern nations around the world, yet these issues continue to be addressed more directly by domestic regulatory systems than by international institutions. The present analyses of the integration of distributed sources of power generation (DG) into California’s electric utility system suggests that domestic environmental dilemmas with international repercussions provide an obvious entrée for global environmental policy specialists into the practice of environmental policy-making and law. Here I review current scholarship on policy networks that illuminates the contributions that technical and policy experts can make to such networks surrounding environmental issues. I then introduce the key members of California’s “clean DG” policy network that emphasizes the role of academic experts in this influential political system, and discuss how my own research has impacted the development of the state’s DG policy. I conclude that scholars are well positioned to observe and engage domestic and international environmental policy networks, and thereby also to influence environmental politics and law.     

WTO协议与司法审查

司法审查在世界贸易组织协议 (简称WTO协议 )中被多次提到 ,虽然WTO协议没有规定各国应制定统一的司法审查制度 ,但司法审查制度在各成员方履行WTO协议义务方面是非常重要的。本文首先分析WTO协议对司法审查制度的具体规定 ,然后探讨了司法审查的国内法制度的背景及其原则 ,再次 ,重点分析了我国关于司法审查的国内法制度及我国加入WTO时关于司法审查的具体承诺 ,最后作者结合司法审查与WTO争端解决机制的关系及司法审查的理念对我国的司法审查制度的完善提出了一些建议