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1.
This paper uses longitudinal and nationally representative survey data to investigate the direct relationship between three
forms of child maltreatment (neglect, physical abuse, and sexual abuse), and future intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration
in the USA. We further examine the indirect effect that child maltreatment has on future IPV perpetration through the presence
of youth violence perpetration, and the roles of socioeconomic factors on committing youth violence and IPV. Analyses indicate
that gender differences exist for the developmental relationship between child maltreatment and young adult IPV perpetration,
and the effects of socioeconomic factors on youth violence and IPV perpetration. For males, the direct effects of being neglected/physically
abused as a child on IPV perpetration are not significant. However, the indirect effects of being neglected/physically abused
on IPV perpetration through the presence of youth violence perpetration are significant. For females, the direct effects of
being neglected/physically abused on IPV perpetration are significant. The indirect effect of being neglected on IPV perpetration
is significant, while the indirect effect of childhood physical abuse is not significant. Childhood sexual abuse is not significantly
directly associated with IPV perpetration for females; however, for males, it is the strongest (i.e., largest effect size)
direct predictor of IPV perpetration. The indirect effects of childhood sexual abuse on IPV perpetration are not significant
for both females and males.
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2.
This article presents results of a study examining what happens to children when domestic violence is committed against their
mothers. While many investigations have pointed to child exposure to violence in homes where women are battered, few have
examined direct reports about what happens to children when adult domestic violence occurs. This study collected direct reports
from mothers on real-life events and was designed to go beyond earlier research by eliciting information on a larger array
of family and contextual factors that may account for variation in mother’s and their children’s direct and indirect exposure
to violence within the same home. Anonymous telephone interviews with 111 battered mothers in four metropolitan areas across
the United States elicited detailed information from women on the violence against them and their children. Findings confirm
the seriousness of co-occurring mother and child exposure to violence. The research also revealed that women and children
were often injured while trying to protect each other from the abuser. The article concludes by recommending further enhancing
collaboration between child protection and battered women’s services; augmenting prevention and early intervention services
to families experiencing adult domestic violence; and focusing on protecting and increasing the safety of both children and their battered mothers.
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3.
Illegality does not necessarily breed violence. The relationship between illicit markets and violence depends on institutions
of protection. When state-sponsored protection rackets form, illicit markets can be peaceful. Conversely, the breakdown of
state-sponsored protection rackets, which may result from well-meaning policy reforms intended to improve law enforcement,
can lead to violence. The cases of drug trafficking in contemporary Mexico and Burma show how a focus on the emergence and
breakdown of state-sponsored protection rackets helps explain variation in levels of violence both within and across illicit
markets.
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4.
Using data from the NLSY97, this paper re-examines the empirical relationship between household economic resources and youth
criminal participation. Previous estimates of this relationship have often suggested this relationship to be quite weak or
even non-existent. However, this analysis suggests that much of the strength of the relationship between household economic
resources and youth criminal participation may be obscured due to non-linearities in this relationship, the fact that this
relationship is isolated to crimes of a serious nature only, and especially because of measurement error with respect to measuring
household economic resources. I show that adjusting for these issues substantially increases the estimated strength of this
relationship. Indeed, the results in this paper show that the differences in serious criminal participation between youth
from households in the upper parts of the income distribution and youth from households in the lower parts of the income distribution
appear to be greater than the difference in serious criminal participation between genders.
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5.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
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6.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
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7.
This article offers a new perspective on the assessment, treatment and management of adults who are violent to their partners.
Using a worked case example, it describes how a solution-focused approach is used to develop, and evidence, safety for all
family members.
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8.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
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9.
This paper presents a study on the self-reported usage and attitudes toward corporal punishment (CP) by a four generation
sample of Jewish families in Jerusalem. The study included 655 participants: 200 adolescents, 208 young mothers, 199 old mothers,
and 48 grandmothers, and tested for inter-generational and familial role differences. Results have shown that participants’
attitudes toward CP correlates significantly with age group; however, it does not correlate with family role. Implications
of the results for practitioners who seek to reduce usage of CP are suggested.
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10.
Analyses were conducted to examine the extent of overlap and predictive strength of multiple forms of child maltreatment and
stressors internal and external to the family. Findings suggest a strong association between child maltreatment (physical
and sexual abuse, neglect, and exposure to domestic violence) and stressors (family conflict, personal problems of parents,
and external constraints on the family). After controlling for stressors, family socioeconomic status, and child gender, a
general construct of child maltreatment was predictive of internalizing and externalizing behaviors in adolescents. Specific
effects of child physical and sexual abuse were revealed in these longitudinal structural equation model tests.
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11.
In the last decade, law enforcement personnel have increasingly been tasked to police the internet in an effort to staunch
the production and distribution of child pornography and to investigate computer-facilitated child exploitation. These investigative
personnel have encountered a range of assignment-specific challenges and strains as a result of their involvement in this
taxing and novel investigative activity. In some cases, the cumulative effects of these strains, together with repeated exposure
to highly disturbing images of abused children, have resulted in stress reactions that have commanded the attention of police
managers and police psychologists alike. The present article is intended to provide an overview of the stresses unique to
child exploitation and pornography investigations, common reactions to these stressors, procedural safeguards to mitigate
the impact of this high-risk assignment, and two model programs designed to meet the needs of the current generation of “cyber
cops”.
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12.
The English-speaking Caribbean state of Barbados enacted protection orders legislation in 1992. The goal was to protect household
members from domestic abuse inflicted by those with whom they live. To understand the impact of this policy, the study utilized
a survival analysis model to test the hypothesis that eligibility for protection orders on Barbados contributed to a significantly
lower hazard of repeat abuse for women, compared to women on St. Kitts where protection orders were not available. Data were
drawn from police reports that document incidents of domestic abuse reported on Barbados and St. Kitts where high rates of
domestic abuse persist. The study found only a negligible difference between the hazard of repeat abuse of women on St. Kitts
and women on Barbados.
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13.
On the basis of prior research findings that employed youth, and especially intensively employed youth, have higher rates
of delinquent behavior and lower academic achievement, scholars have called for limits on the maximum number of hours per
week that teenagers are allowed to work. We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to assess the claim that employment
and work hours are causally related to adolescent problem behavior. We utilize a change model with age-graded child labor
laws governing the number of hours per week allowed during the school year as instrumental variables. We find that these work
laws lead to additional number of hours worked by youth, which then lead to increased high school dropout but decreased delinquency.
Although counterintuitive, this result is consistent with existing evidence about the effect of employment on crime for adults
and the impact of dropout on youth crime.
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14.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
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15.
This article examines possible reasons for the dramatic rise in Chinese juvenile delinquency rates that have occurred since
the start of economic reform. The article focuses on the degree to which relatively recent modifications in the ideology and
practice of Chinese communism have engendered new social pressures and strains on young people. Delinquents’ social values
are compared with those of non-delinquent youth, drawing heavily from data collected in a longitudinal birth cohort study.
The dataset is assessed for evidence of subterranean values; i.e., subculture-based reflections of principles found within
the dominant political culture; based on the theory that youthful deviance and delinquency in China are fueled primarily by
the relatively rapid diffusion of often-contradictory market-based precepts. The lingering impact of Maoism is also assessed,
particularly with regard to incongruous ideological influences on youth.
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16.
The spectacular business scandals in recent years have led both the legislative and business companies to rethink and redesign
their strategies. This article analyzes the worldwide impact of reforms in economic crime legislation emanating from the USA.
Empirical data are reported showing that the US regulations are generating a spillover effect spreading beyond its sphere
of operation. It is particularly notable that international stock-exchange-listed companies are orienting themselves increasingly
toward the legal standards of the USA.
Translated from the German by Jonathan Harrow, Bielefeld.
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17.
No one, young or old, is immune to interpersonal violence (IPV). Female victims come from a variety of circumstances and across
all ages. However, much of the research and services have focused almost exclusively on younger women. This article compares
women 65 and older to women under 65, who utilized domestic violence (DV) services in a mid-western state over a five-year
period. Although there are many similarities in the findings, differences include that older victims were more likely to be
White, report more emotional and less physical abuse, be referred to services by a legal source, have special needs or disabilities,
and receive fewer services, less service hours and fewer contacts than younger victims utilizing DV services. Implications
for research and practice are discussed.
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18.
This study compared two groups of child pornography offenders participating in a voluntary treatment program: men whose known
sexual offense history at the time of judicial sentencing involved the possession, receipt, or distribution of child abuse
images, but did not include any “hands-on” sexual abuse; and men convicted of similar offenses who had documented histories
of hands-on sexual offending against at least one child victim. The goal was to determine whether the former group of offenders
were “merely” collectors of child pornography at little risk for engaging in hands-on sexual offenses, or if they were contact
sex offenders whose criminal sexual behavior involving children, with the exception of Internet crimes, went undetected. Our
findings show that the Internet offenders in our sample were significantly more likely than not to have sexually abused a
child via a hands-on act. They also indicate that the offenders who abused children were likely to have offended against multiple
victims, and that the incidence of “crossover” by gender and age is high.
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19.
Among various kinds of corruption in China, corruption of the First-in-Command (FIC) is most pernicious, threatening the legitimacy
of the Chinese Communist Party and the stability of the state. This paper examines several specific institutional arrangements
under China’s current political structure, including the people’s congress, the ruling party system, and the collective leadership
team system, to see how they have contributed to power overconcentration in the hands of FICs. This is done in a two-round
process: first through the collective leadership team and then by the gestating decision-making rule. The paper also assesses
four institutional innovations designed to prevent FIC corruption.
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