Unmasking the Crimes of the Powerful

Even in formally open, liberal, democratic states, a series of barriers exist as obstacles to critical criminologists who wish to conduct research that scrutinises the activities of powerful states and corporations. Much evidence suggests that in the current political climate, the barring of access to sources of data, neo-liberal re-configurations in the funding of research, and the narrowing of publishing and dissemination opportunities to counter-hegemonic voices are severely limiting the ability to conduct critical research. This article reports on recent experiences of researchers concerned with unmasking the crimes of the powerful and argues that, despite the obstacles power sources use to obscure and mystify the illegal and violent practices engaged in by states and corporations, there remains fertile space around research agendas, and in universities, for critical researchers to exploit. To gain insight from the ways in which researchers can, and do, establish alternative agendas, this article seeks to explore some of the principles that might inform and encourage those forms of resistance, and to establish how critical criminologists might continue to subject the powerful to scrutiny. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

论国际犯罪与国内犯罪的关系

国际犯罪是指由国际法创设或者推动因而被国际社会普遍确定为犯罪、严重危害国际社会共同利益的行为,跨国性、涉外性、违反公约性都不是国际犯罪的基本特征。国际犯罪不是从国内犯罪发展而来的,它们是两个互不隶属的并列范畴,是"犯罪"这一共同上位概念之下的子概念,从渊源上讲,两者基本上分属国内法与国际法两大法律体系。国际犯罪与国内犯罪之间有明确的界限,主要体现在犯罪危害的性质、针对的法律关系和法律制定者不同三方面。     

论犯罪构成与犯罪阻却事由的关系

从刑事立法角度而言 ,犯罪阻却事由与犯罪构成是基于同一虚拟事实所设定的具有不同内容要求的法律规范形式 ,两者是一种并列关系 ;从刑事司法角度而言 ,犯罪构成与犯罪阻却事由是基于同一事实而引用的具有不同价值取向的价值评价体系 ,两者是一种基础与上层的关系     

Corporate Liability for International Crimes under Canada's Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act

Given that the Rome Statute does not provide jurisdiction totry corporations for breaches of international criminal law,it has been suggested that national jurisdictions might be usedto fill this impunity gap. The author presents several arguments.First, the international criminal law system, including theRome Statute — and particularly the principles of universaljurisdiction and complementarity — provides the theoreticalgrounding for states to assert jurisdiction over internationalcrimes wider than the International Criminal Court (ICC). Second,Canada, owing to interactions between its domestic legislationimplementing the ICC Statute and existing national criminallaw, is now able to prosecute corporations for breaches of internationalcriminal law. Finally, this increased jurisdiction of Canadiancourts is consistent with the current status of corporationsunder international criminal law. What is really interestingabout Canada's approach, however, is not so much that it hascreated a new legal principle, but rather that it is one ofthe first countries to establish jurisdiction over internationalcrimes committed by corporate entities which were previouslycommitted with impunity.

By stating that I could not guaranteethat the army is not using forced labour, I certainly implythat they might, (and they might) but I am saying that we donot have to monitor the army's behaviour: we have our responsibilities;they have their responsibilities; and we refuse to be pushedin to assuming more than what we can really guarantee. Aboutforced labour used by troops assigned to provide security onour pipeline project, let us admit between Unocal and Totalthat we might be in a grey zone.¹

     

Crimes and Security

This essay considers the role that the value of security might play in criminalisation. While endorsing security as a legitimate rationale for the creation of a criminal offence, it examines some existing offences that are created or structured in a particular way for security reasons. This is done through a two‐stage analysis. Stage one considers the consequences of adopting an offence or offence definition if it was interpreted ideally and complied with perfectly. Stage two considers how we can expect the offences to operate in the real world given imperfect compliance and non‐ideal interpretation.     

犯罪与风险——风险社会视野下的犯罪治理

风险社会中，犯罪不应再被认为是社会病态现象，而应被视为日常风险产物。因此需要以犯罪接受并改变风险作为引导运行的视角来重新看待犯罪。犯罪运行需要犯罪风险源作为能量为其提供动力。犯罪风险源包括人造风险、发展性风险、人性风险以及激发性风险。犯罪运行的过程也必然要和风险发生各种关系。风险的感知、分配、放大与沟通都会使犯罪呈现不同形态。在风险社会中对犯罪进行治理需要从犯罪运行、犯罪风险源以及犯罪与风险的关系三个方面入手。     

因特网上的犯罪及其遏制

本文首先探究了刑法学和犯罪学意义的因特网上犯罪的不同定义及犯罪种类。其次分析了因特网上犯罪的特点和趋势 ;反映了若干亟待解决的法律问题 ,如因特网上犯罪的特殊性、对第五空间的刑事管辖等。最后 ,本文分别从犯罪学和刑事法角度阐释了作者对网上犯罪的法律思考 ,包括犯罪预警网站的设立、网上犯罪的司法运作及立法构想等     

The Relevance of the United Nations War Crimes Commission to the Prosecution of Sexual and Gender-Based Crimes Today

This article discusses aspects of the origin and development of jurisprudence relating to the prosecution of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) in the context of international criminal law. It examines a selection of archival material from the United Nations War Crimes Commission (UNWCC) and other bodies connected to it, noting that the UNWCC was the first multinational criminal law organization to explicitly endorse SGBV crimes as international crimes. UNWCC-supported trials in both Europe and Asia suggest that rape committed in the context of armed conflict or situations of mass violence was punishable as a serious crime nearly 70 years ago. Moreover, many of the theories of liability used by contemporary tribunals today were used in the UNWCC-supported cases. The authors maintain that the UNWCC archives are not only valuable for tribunals prosecuting conflict-related SGBV cases today, but the jurisprudence emerging from UNWCC-supported cases may also be quite relevant to contemporary policy debates.     

犯罪的严重性：概念与评价

犯罪的严重性是犯罪的客观危害与主观恶性的统一,它构成决定刑罚的分配的重要基准.对犯罪的严重性的评价应该以体现犯罪的客观危害与主观恶性的所有因素为标准.对犯罪的客观危害的评价应该考虑犯罪所侵害的权益的意义、犯罪的危险的大小、所造成的实际损害的轻重、犯罪的对象、时间、地点与实施程度;对犯罪的主观恶性的评价应该考虑犯罪的罪过形式、犯罪的动机与目的、认识的内容、犯罪的起因、犯罪人的生理与精神状况、犯罪人的身份以及犯罪人在犯罪中的表现.鉴于作为犯罪的严重性的组成部分的客观危害与主观恶性构成既统一又对立的关系,对犯罪的严重性的统一评价应该相应地遵循对立统一律.     

经济全球化与跨国犯罪的防治对策

经济全球化的同时也带来犯罪问题的全球化。当前,跨国犯罪问题日趋突出,国家之间如何加强司法协助共同打击跨国犯罪显得非常迫切。跨国犯罪具有跨国性、有组织性、犯罪手段多样性的特点,因此遏制跨国犯罪必须进行国际司法协助,这就要求国家间在立法、相互交流信息情报、引渡跨国犯罪罪犯、监控追缴赃款赃物上进行合作。目前国际社会在打击跨国犯罪上还存在立法不够完善,自我保护意识太强,反洗钱机制不完善,有政治分岐和种族偏见等问题。各国应该发挥国际合作精神,采取措施解决以上问题,为经济全球化提供一个安全的国际环境。     

涉人工智能犯罪中研发者主观罪过的认定

对涉人工智能犯罪中研发者主观罪过的研究和准确认定,有利于防范人工智能技术风险,促进人工智能技术发展进步。研发者设计以实施犯罪行为为主要目的的智能机器人时,对于智能机器人造成的一切严重危害社会的结果,其主观罪过应被认定为直接故意。研发者设计以实施非犯罪行为为主要目的的智能机器人时,对于智能机器人造成的严重危害社会的结果,当研发者违反了注意义务且有刑法明文规定时,其主观罪过应被认定为犯罪过失。应根据智能机器人的“智能”程度分“直接过失”、“管理过失”、“监督过失”三种类型来确定研发者犯罪过失的认定标准。     

Deforestation Crimes and Conflicts in the Amazon

This article explores and explains deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon rainforest. It primarily takes a green criminological perspective and looks at the harm that is inflicted on many of the Amazon’s inhabitants, including indigenous populations such as ‘uncontacted’ tribes of hunters-gatherers, the oldest human societies. The green criminological perspective also implies that the definition of victimisation is being enlarged: not only (future) humans, but also non-humans can be considered victims. Being the most biodiverse place on the planet, deforestation of the Amazon leads to threats and extinctions of animal and plant species. The main causes of deforestation in the Amazon are land conversion for agriculture (mainly cattle, also soy), practices that are mostly illegal. As the products of the (illegally) deforested rainforest in the Brazilian Amazon are mainly for export markets, western societies with large ecological footprints could be held responsible for deforestation of the Amazon.     

High-tech Crimes and the American Economic Machine

Studies demonstrate that technology owned by US corporations is a highly valued commodity in the international arena. The Economic Espionage Act of 1996 was signed into law to help protect against misappropriations of that technology. This article chronicles some of the recent prosecutions under that law and some emerging issues of enforcement.     

International Crimes and the Right to Punish

What can international courts say when criminals ask, by what right do you try me? Some authors attempt to draw a connection between humanity's responsibility to call offenders to account and the harm humanity has suffered as a consequence of the offender's crimes. Others have argued that there need not be a special connection between those calling to account and the offenders, as the right to punish offenders is a general right each and every person has. Both lines of argument are ultimately unconvincing. Instead, I argue for a modified version of the second position which proposes a democratically based theory of responsibility for punishment held by international criminal law institutions.     

析黑社会性质组织犯罪与恶势力团伙犯罪

司法实践中“黑”、“恶”难分，从而引发定性、审办、打击、处理等一系列问题。认真分析“黑”、“恶”在结构形式上、主观目的上、行为特征上、发展需求上，客体上的不同，为司法实践中的“黑”、“恶”界定给出了尺度。     

论犯罪标准体系

主流的平面型犯罪构成理论在指导司法实践时应改造为递进式的标准结构。依据我国刑法规定 ,犯罪标准应具有罪行和刑事责任两个基本层次。各层次内部还包含一些具体方面和要素。各类要素应按照刑事司法实践的内在逻辑作有序排列 ,形成逐级深化的开放式立体体系。